Ethic Theories

Question 1

What are moral principles?

Answer 1

Laws that govern our behavior

Question 2

What is the purpose of moral principles?

Answer 2

Guide us in choosing a course of action

Question 3

What is morality?

Answer 3

• Principles, guidelines, and standards of right/wrong or good/bad conduct

Question 4

What are 3 types of morality?

Answer 4

• Personal morality
• Societal morality
• Morality of health professions - PT as moral agent

Question 5

What are 8 influences on our ideas of morality?

Answer 5

• Religious teaching
• Culture
• Philosophy
• Parents
• Family
• Friends
• School
• Media

Question 6

What are the 3 types of ethical problems?

Which type is right vs wrong?
Which type is right vs right?
Which type means you know something is wrong, but you cannot change it?

Answer 6

• Ethical distress: Right vs right
• Ethical dilemmas: Right vs wrong
• Locus of authority challenges: Don’t have power to change

Question 7

What helps guide our action during ethical dilemmas when serious loss or gain may occur no matter the chosen course of action?

Answer 7

Ethical theory guides us to the right or more right choice

Question 8

What are the 2 ethical theories?

Answer 8

• Teleological - Utilitarianism

- Deontological - Duty

Question 9

What is the focus of telelogical theories?

Answer 9

• The end or outcome/ consequence of the actions

- Tele = end

Question 10

What is the moral task in life according to teleological ethical theory?

Answer 10

• Produce as much good as you can

Question 11

What are the 3 “schools of thought” of teleological theories?

Answer 11

• Utilitarianism
• Hedonism
• Pluralism

Question 12

What is the good and bad in utilitarianism?

Answer 12

Good: Happiness
Bad: Unhappiness

Question 13

What determines if an act is useful in utilitarianism?

Answer 13

If it brings about the best consequences overall

Question 14

What is good and bad according to hedonism?

Answer 14

Good: Pleasure
Bad: Pain

Question 15

Why is palliative care ethical according to hedonism?

Answer 15

Relief from pain and suffering is a desirable goal

Question 16

What is good and bad according to pluralism?

Answer 16

Good: Variety of other values (knowledge, beauty, freedom, etc…)
Bad: According to variety of other values

Question 17

What are 4 criticisms of teleological theories?

Answer 17

• Must be able to predict consequences (good intentions not enough)
• Defining happiness is problematic
• Happiness is different for each person
• Difficult to measure or compare happiness to decide on the greatest net happiness

Question 18

What are deontological theories based on?

Answer 18

• Obligations
• Duties
• Principles

Question 19

Who is the most famous theorist regarding deontological theories?

Answer 19

Immanual Kant

Question 20

What are 3 criticisms of deontological theories?

Answer 20

• Moral rules may conflict with one another
• Absolute duties (Kant)
• Prima facie (other things being equal; moral duty can be overridden by another moral duty)

Question 21

When an ethical conflict occurs, what determines the course of action in deontological theories?

Answer 21

Which duty is weightier

Question 22

What are the 4 generally accepted duties of health care?

Answer 22

• Autonomy
• Non-maleficience (do no harm)
• Beneficence - Promote good (sometimes included in non-maleficience
• Justice (fairness in distribution of benefits/ burdens

Question 23

What are the 2 additional duties of health care?

Answer 23

• Fidelity (to patients, profession, colleagues, etc…)

- Veracity (honesty, telling the truth)

Question 24

Are the APTA code of ethics legally enforced?

Answer 24

Some are incorporated in the state practice acts

Question 25

What action may be taken if an individual is found to violate the APTA code of ethics by the judicial committee?

Answer 25

- Loss of APTA membership, with published decision | - Suspension or loss of license if written into practice act

Question 26

What were the top 10 ethical concerns in PT according to Triezenburg?

Answer 26

- Inequity of health services - Utilization & supervision - Buisness relationships - Over-utilization - Entry-level qualifications - Other professionals - Education program accountability - Informed consent - Confidentiality - Justifiability of fees - Ethical limits of intervention - Truth in advertising - Billing fraud - Sexual abuse - Pts with HIV - Clinical competency - Documentation - Clinical competency - Documentation - Legal vs ethical - Lack of evidence base - Lack of cultural diversity - Ethics in reasearch - Endorsement of products - Ethics = personal gain

Question 27

What are the 5 advantages of the ethical decision-making model?

Answer 27

- More systematic, doesn't leave things out - Organizes thinking - Agree on language and terms - Balanced debate of all sides - Decreases emotionalism

Question 28

What is the 6 step process of Purtilo?

Answer 28

1. Get the story straight through relevant facts 2. Identify type of ethical problem 3. Use ethical theory to analyze the problem (teleo vs deonto) 4. Explore practical alternatives (explore widest range of options) 5. Complete the action 6. Evaluate the process & outcome (reflection and examination)

Question 29

What are the 4 steps of the RIPS model?

Answer 29

1. Recognize and define ethical issues 2. Reflect 3. Decide 4. Implement, evaluate, re-assess

Question 30

What are the 3 realms of the RIPS model from least to most complex?

Answer 30

- Individual - Organizational/ institutional - Societal

Question 31

What are the 4 components of moral behavior according to the rips model?

Answer 31

- Moral sensitivity - Moral judgement (best decision) - Moral motivation (moral values/ beliefs > $, other gain) - Moral courage (implementation)

Question 32

What is moral temptation according to RIPS?

Answer 32

- Right vs Wrong with benefit from doing wrong

Question 33

What is the decision to do nothing called in RIPS?

Answer 33

Silence

Question 34

What are the 4 tests of the RIPS model? If any are positive, what does it indicate?

Answer 34

- Legal - Stench - Front-page - Mom - If any are positive, moral temptation is indicated

Question 35

What are the 3 applications of ethical theory in RIPS?

Answer 35

- Duty-based - Ends-based - Care-based (relationships/ concern for others)

Question 36

What is the last step of RIPS?

Answer 36

- Implement, evaluate, and re-assess