ethical stories

Question 1

Define moral theory

Answer 1

the theory that guides actions- deciding what is the right thing to do

Question 2

morality vs ethic

Answer 2

what we actually do while ethics are norms of right and wrong that guide our actions

Question 3

BOI-ethics

Answer 3

utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, virtue ethics, social contract theory, principles.

Question 4

utilitarianism

Answer 4

belongs to consequentialism group
net amount of happiness vs pain/suffering
Favours side with greater outcome

Question 5

2 main contributors of utilitarianism

Answer 5

Jeremy Bentham
john Stuart will

Question 6

3 core claims of utilitarianism

Answer 6

actions are judged right or wrong only by the consequences

only amount of happiness/ unhappiness matters

each person’s happiness counts equally important

Question 7

example utilitarianism

Answer 7

a man stilling from a rich man and distributed to many people, because a lot of people benefited and happy, he is right.

Question 8

Kantian Deontology

Answer 8

Morality rule- strict rules of behavior confer moral status.
regardless of consequences, action have moral worth

Question 9

where do the rules come from?

Answer 9

from our rational capacity as human beings: capacity for reason and capacity for freedom

acting morally means always doing ones duty

duty= doing the right thing for the right reason

Question 10

problem with Kantian Deontology

Answer 10

moral rules in conflict.
duty to protect patients’ confidentiality.
vs
duty to prevent harm.
difficult to formulate a practical guide
rules inflexible
duty to truth vs cost of ignoring
consequences

Question 11

virtue ethics

Answer 11

are old western ethics that focuses on character rather than actions.

Question 12

2 main contributors to virtue ethics

Answer 12

Elizabeth Anscombe
Alisdair Maclntyre

Question 13

virtue ethics

Answer 13

not concerned about the action itself but the character of a person matters
right act is done with character
wrong act done without virtue

Question 14

character ethics are associated with ?

Answer 14

ancient Greek philosophers- Aristotle

Question 15

social contract theory contributors

Answer 15

john Hobbes and jeans Rossouw

20th century- john Rawls

Question 16

principlism

Answer 16

a normative ethical guideline that is designed for practical decision-making in health care.

Question 17

4 basic moral principles applied to resolve moral dilemmas

Answer 17

respect for autonomy
beneficence
non-maleficence
justice

Question 18

based on the common morality: these principles are

Answer 18

pluralistic
universally accepted
common sense moral judgement

Question 19

balancing/weighing

Answer 19

the process of finding reasons to support beliefs about which principle norm is relevant

Question 20

specification

Answer 20

useful for developing specific policies

Question 21

Respect for Autonomy

Answer 21

it’s the patient rights to hold views to make choices and to take actions based on their values

Question 22

obligations arising from respect for autonomy

Answer 22

informed consent
confidentiality
telling the truth
effective communication

Question 23

Informed consent

Answer 23

Both an ethical and a legal requirement

Question 24

confidentially

Answer 24

maintaining a patient’s confidentiality is a cornerstone of the doctor’s patient’s relationship.

according to national health act, act no 61 of 2003 confidentialities can be breached if it’s going to harm someone else life.

Question 25

truth telling

Answer 25

according to HPCSA general ethical guidelines, truthfulness is a core value for good practice and the basis of trust.

Question 26

truth telling

Answer 26

must not conceal/ keep the truth from the patient. It's the patients right to know if the doctor has made error. disclosure of important of good documentation of clinical notes.

Question 27

effective communication

Answer 27

patient centers care and good communication skills ethical requirement for maintaining doctor-patient relationship

Question 28

Non- maleficence

Answer 28

requires that we first do no harm do not reduce but prevent harm

Question 29

rules of non-maleficence

Answer 29

do not kill do not cause pain do not incapacitate

Question 30

killing or letting die (maleficence )

Answer 30

traditionally killing is unacceptable in medicine. letting die -avoiding intervention so that death occurs due to underlying disease / organ failure / injury (less wrong / acceptable

Question 31

Negligence and due care

Answer 31

non-maleficence requires us to minimize risk of harm it is the doctor's duty to inform patients about the risk of treatment. also take note of the patient's views.

Question 32

negligence and due care

Answer 32

standard of due- taking appropriate care to avoid harm negligence- is absence of due care ***intentional and inadvertent

Question 33

BENEFICENCE

Answer 33

Requires that we protect and defend the right of patients, help patients act in their best interest. do good prevent and reduce harm

Question 34

implications of beneficence

Answer 34

clinical competence balancing risk l, benefits and cost paternalism

Question 35

Paternalism

Answer 35

intentional overriding of the person's known preferences, in order to benefit or avoid harm to the person. active paternalism: doctors override patients' right to decline treatment soft -non-autonomous and non voluntary decision making hard- despite informed, voluntary and autonomous decision making passive paternalism: doctor refuse treatment in the act of patient's best interest.

Question 36

Justice

Answer 36

redress/ fair treatment

Question 37

justice obligation in 3 areas:

Answer 37

1.respect morally acceptable laws-legal justice 2. respect patients right-rights-based justice 3.ensure fair distribution of limited resources- distributive justice

Question 38

legal and rights based justice

Answer 38

working knowledge of relevant laws : national health act no 61 of 2003 the children act no. 38 of 2005 mental health act 12 of 2002 bill of rights, south African constitution patient's rights charter

Question 39

distributive justice

Answer 39

fair, equitable and appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens determined by norms that strutures

Question 40

discuss the role of human rights in healthcare practice

Question 40

define human rights

Answer 40

equal standards that recognize and protect the dignity of all human beings.

Question 41

explain the right to health in the south African and international context.

Question 42

characteristics of human rights

Answer 42

inherent universal and inalienable indivisible and interdependent both right and obligations/ duties equal and non-discriminatory

Question 43

who is responsible for human rights

Answer 43

the state

Question 44

The state has to perform its duty in 4 ways:

Answer 44

Respect rights Protect rights Actively fulfil rights Promote rights- citizens access

Question 45

SA constitutions which supports rights

Answer 45

Public protector Commission for gender equality South African human rights commission Auditor general Independent electoral commission

Question 46

How do human rights relate to health

Answer 46

The right to health The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,gender, religion etc

Question 47

The right to health

Answer 47

Is inseparable with other human rights The right to food, house, work , education, information and participation

Question 48

Core components of the right to health

Answer 48

Availability- facilities,goods services Accessibility- to information and economic Acceptability- ethical, cultural gender Quality- universal health coverage

Question 49

Bill of right: some health rights

Answer 49

Healthcare services Sec 27 : access to health services and emergency healthcare Underlying condition necessary for health Art24. Environmen not harmful to health Art 12 freedom and security of person Art27 access to food water social security Special populations Art 28 children- nutrition shelter healthcare services social services Art 35 prisoners- detention conditions consistent with dignity Foundational rights Art 9 equality Art10 Dignity Art 11 life Art 14 privacy

Question 50

Limitations of rights

Answer 50

Conflict sometimes occurs which may necessitate compromising individuals rights Individuals right vs states obligation

Question 51

Limitations of bill of rights

Answer 51

Limitations are justifiable depending on : Nature of the right Important of the purpose for limitations Nature and extent of limitation Relation between limitations and its purpose Least restrictive means to achieve goal

Question 52

What’s doctors rule in human right?

Question 53

What is health advocacy ?

Answer 53

A health professional that uses their expertise and influence to advance the well being of individual, communities and populations

Question 54

Key competencies of advocacy

Answer 54

>Respond to individual patients health needs and related issues. >Respond to health needs of communities served.

Question 55

Dual loyalty and rights violations

Answer 55

>Medical skills used on behalf of the state for punishment or torture >human rights abuse in the care of health professionals kept silent > evaluation conducted for legal or administrative purposes >medical treatment or information limited or denied for state policy > independent medical judgment subordinated to state interest

Question 56

Avoiding rights violations in dual loyalty

Answer 56

Knowledge of human and clinical implications Identify dual loyalty situations Prioritise patients rights over state Report violations Collective action Protect confidentiality