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NUr1085 > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Who is affected by homelessness?

A

anyone
trauma
lack of employment
abuse
mental illness

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2
Q

strategies for caring for the homeless population

A

meet them where they are
no judgment
continuation of care strategies

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3
Q

Major Global Health Issues

A

Poverty
Hunger
Clean drinking water
Tobacco
HIV/AIDs
malaria

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4
Q

Global Inequities

A

life expectancy
child mortality
universal primary education
gender equality
maternal health
environmental sustainability

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5
Q

Ethical Issues associated with Global Health

A

Resource Allocation
Drug Development
Vulnerability
Short Term v Long Term Issues

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6
Q

Resource Allocation

A

global health initiatives compete for attention/ scarce resources

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7
Q

Drug Development

A

developing countries do not have resources to dedicate to drug development for region specific disease
developed countries do not have incentive to develop those same drugs

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8
Q

Vulnerability

A

developed counties are at the whim of developed countries in regard to research, infrastructure, and employment which increases risk of exploitation.

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9
Q

Distributive Justice

A

the perceived fairness of resource allocation

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10
Q

Voluntourism Ethical Issues (Select All) 1

A

Purpose and underlying motivation for participating in this specific volunteer experience

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11
Q

Voluntourism Ethical Issues (Select All) 2

A

Language and the importance of communication in relation to cultural differences and attitudes
cultural competence

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12
Q

Voluntourism Ethical Issues (Select All) 4

A

Burden, waste, and disruption of local services
anticipation of experience and acting beyond qualifications/ training
participation in unsustainable medical practices in avoiding harm to patients

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13
Q

Voluntourism Ethical Issues (Select All) 3

A

Evaluating new situations, questions, and decisions on the ground
attitude toward beliefs and values
resource limitations

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14
Q

Voluntourism Ethical Issues (Select All) 5

A

Human Research

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15
Q

Approaches for Who Receives Care

A

First come, first served
Most effective distribution of resources to do the most good for the greatest number of people considering medical and social factors
Directing the resources to those in greatest need
Maximize likelihood of survival to hospital discharge
Maximize number of life-years saved
Maximize individuals’ chances to live through each of life’s stages

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16
Q

Instrumental Value

A

A person’s ability to carry out a specific function that is essential to prevent social disintegration or a great number of deaths during a time of crisis
not a valid basis for ethical decision making

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17
Q

Who informs Public Policy

A

the pursuit of justice

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18
Q

Four Impulses of political philosophy

A

welfare
liberty
virtue
revolution

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19
Q

Welfare

A

focused on achieving the most “good” for the most amount of people (utilitarianism)

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20
Q

Liberty

A

Protection and promotion of individual liberties
even if it does not maximize pleasure and minimize pain
Goal of public policy is to maintain and expand individual liberty

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21
Q

Virtue

A

interested in understanding and achieving society’s inherent purpose or “telos/end” (ontology)

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22
Q

Martsolf and Thomas

A

talks about teaching nurses how to overcome implicit biases, and perpetuated racist ideals that lead to racism in society and health care

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23
Q

Organ Case Study 1

A

whether the disease is preventable or not, disruptive justice mandates that organs be distributed based on need

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24
Q

Organ Case Study 2

Study These Flashcards
A

CORE was rounding preemptively was that ethical before organ donation was discussed with that family and patient was not deceased

25
Dead Donor Rule
donors must be declared dead (cardio or brain) before their organs are taken, vital organs should only be transplanted from dead patients
26
Barriers to successful transplants
limited organs organ rejection growing demand
27
Brain Based Criteria of Brain Death
Etiology of the injury to the brain must beknown Any reversible condition should be ruled out Hemodynamically normal and stable Does not react to painful stimuli Reflex testing Apnea Test: disconnect from the ventilator. An increase o paCo2 after 10 mins is positive for brain death
28
Cardiac Death Criteria Conditions
patient is expected to die but not brain dead, decision to terminate life support is separate from decision to donate
29
Cardiac Criteria for Death Procedure
ventilation is stopped palliative care is administered patient RR and HR must stop within 1 hour to be eligible for donation HR must stop for 5 minutes before declaration of death then organ preservation begins
30
Why are Disaster Different?
Available resources are overwhelmed Large numbers of casualties Infrastructure is diminished Physical and psychological concerns -Lack of resources -Panic -Diminished decision- making ability Affects folks from all walks of life: Homeless to wealthy the wealthy have the advantage of more resources
31
Standards Of care
privacy duty to treat EMS hospital transfers advocacy utilitarianism/greater good
32
IOM Report Framework
determines disaster standards of care based on: fairness duty to care duty to steward resources transparency consistency proportionality Accountability
33
Fairness
Actions must be viewed as fair by all parties even those disadvantaged by the circumstances Allocation of resources must be done prior to an event
34
Duty to Care
primary duty to patient despite risks and scare resources (do not abandon) Institutions have duty to provide resources and triage systems
35
Duty to Steward Resources
Utilize resources to save as many people as possible critical to establish decision making processes beforehand
36
Transparency
establish trust through disclosure must engage all aspects of the community like disabled, elderly and minorities
37
Consistency
all groups must be treated the same eliminate all unfair practices only flexible with careful deliberation
38
Proportionality
policy will include burdensome aspects proportional to scale of disaster like social distancing in pandemic
39
Accountability
policy must be adjusted with data health care providers must raise objections. all are responsible for outcome
40
Physical Effects of Restraint Use
High blood pressure increased adrenal steroids Chronic stress syndromes Ulcers Depression of immune system Impairment of memory Irreversible nerve cell damage functional decline skin breakdown
41
Psychological Effects of Restraint Use
anger Loss of independence Abandonment, Psychological distress Fear of fire and inability to escape. Helplessness Degradation Loss of dignity
42
Ethical Implication or restraint free environment and elderly fall prevention
dilemma between restriction of freedom and lack of safety
43
Adherence
patient-centered, clinician-patient collaboration non-judgmental more about “partnership” increased quality of life increases autonomy
44
Compliance
clinician-oriented one way relationship with a provider focuses on obedience
45
Vulnerable Populations
those who are relatively incapable of protecting themselves due to social, economic, political and environmental barriers determined by group ID or individually
46
Sources of Vulnerability
stages of human development poverty race physical and cognitive limitations lack of social support certain neighborhoods and environments
47
Determining Vulnerability by Group ID Advantages
easier to identify group’s vulnerability easier to mandate special protections allows for more culturally and linguistically appropriate consent processes
48
Determining Vulnerability by Group ID Weaknesses
overlooks individual variation belong to multiple groups status of group may change stigmatizing
49
Medical Model of Disability
focuses on impairment disabled persons must adapt to fit in Ex. He can’t climb stairs
50
Social Integration Model of Disability
focuses on interaction of person and environment disability is created by external/ oppressive societal factors Ex. no lifts provided for those who cannot climb stairs
51
Charity Model of Disability
disabled persons deserving of pity focus on cure more than inclusion
52
Identity Model of Disability
disability is positive identity
53
ADA
civil rights law with the purpose to prevent discrimination in all areas of public life
54
Medical Errors
Failure of action to be completed as intended use of wrong plan to achieve aim
55
Adverse Events
injury that results from medical care not a part of disease process
56
Patient’s/family member’s expectations with Medical Errors
full disclosure repentance medical or financial compensation prevention plan forgiveness
57
Blame-free reporting for medical/nursing errors
with errors and near misses follow institutional guidelines to report to appropriate authority ensure responsible disclosure to patients
58
Second Victim Phenomenon
providers involved in unanticipated adverse event in the case of a medical error become victimized due to their associated trauma
59
Factors that increase risk of Medical Errors
understaffed units underqualified nurses long shift hours inadequate time available for proper nursing care failure to follow requirements for continuing education personal life interfering with professional life too stressed to think clearly take on too large of an assignment show up to work impaired r/t alcohol or drug use

NUr1085 (3 decks)

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