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Second Sem > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Study on ethics noting how real life issue get us to react with a value judgement.

A

Valuation

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2
Q

Study about determining the grounds or basis for certain significant values. Good or bad and right or wrong

A

Ethics

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3
Q

Personally consider right or wrong

A

Value

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4
Q

Derived from Greek word aisthesis (sense or feeling) is refers to the judgement of approval and disapproval we make about what we hear, see, smell, or taste

A

Aesthetics

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5
Q

English words “technique and technical”, often used to refer to a proper way of doing things

A

Techne

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6
Q

Right or wrong technique of doing things

A

Technical valuation

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7
Q

Concerned with the right or wrong actions maintain by the society we belong

A

Etiquette

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8
Q

Refers to specific attitudes that people have or to describe acts that people perform

A

Morals

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9
Q

Refers to discipline of study and understanding human behavior and ideal ways of thinking

A

Ethics

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10
Q

Reports how people, particularly groups make moral valuation without any judgement either for against these valuation

A

Descriptive Ethics

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11
Q

Normative discussion prescribes what we ought to maintain as our standard or basis for moral valuation

A

Normative ethics

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12
Q

Situation that calls for moral valuation

A

Moral issue

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13
Q

When one is placed in a situation and confronted by the choice of what act to perform

A

Moral decision

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14
Q

When person make an assessment on the action or behavior of someone

A

Moral judgement

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15
Q

More complicated situation wherein one is torn between choosing between lesser of two evils

A

Moral dilemma

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16
Q

To separate a quality from an object and consider it as distinct object of thought

A

Abstraction

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17
Q

Rationally established grounds by which one justifies and maintains her moral decision and judgement

A

Principles

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18
Q

Systematic attempt to establish the validity of maintaining certain moral principles

A

Moral theory

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19
Q

Theory of interconnected ideas, at the same time q structure which we can evaluate our reasons for valuing certain decision or judgement

A

Framework

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20
Q

Claim that it’s good for a person to spend about and discussing with others

A

Apology of Socrates written by Plato

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21
Q

One’s guide to ethical behavior: Filipino are constrained to obey the laws of the land as stated in the country’s criminal and civil codes

A

Law

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22
Q

Expose to different societies and culture makes us aware that there are ways of thinking and valuing that are different from our own

A

Culture

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23
Q

“love the Lord, your God, therefore, and always heed his charge: his statutes, decrees, and commandments”

A

Religion
Chapter 11 book of Deuteronomy

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24
Q

The idea that one is obliged to obey her God in all things. As a foundation of for ethical values

A

Religion “ Divine Command”

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25
Q

Leaps to more radical claim that individual is the sole determinant of what is morally good or bad, right or wrong.

A

Subjectivism

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26
Q

Recognition that the individual thinking person is at the heart of all moral valuation

A

Subjectivism

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27
Q

Human being are naturally self-centered, so all our actions are always motivated by self interest

A

Psychological egoism

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28
Q

Theory that describes the underlying dynamic behind all human actions as a matter of a pursit of self interest

A

Psychological egoism

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29
Q

Prescribes that we should make our ends, our own interests, as our single overriding concern.

A

Ethical egoism

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30
Q

We may act in a way that is beneficial to others, but we should do that only if it ultimately benefits us

A

Ethical egoism

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31
Q

Refers to all different rule and regulations that are posited or put forward by an authority which requires one’s compliance

A

Positive law

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32
Q

Is a theory of morality that advocates action that foster happiness and oppose actions that cause unhappiness it promotes the greatest amount of goods for the greatest number of people

A

Utilitarianism

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33
Q

A tradition of ethical philosophy that is associated with jeremy bentham and John Mill

A

Utilitarianism

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34
Q

Refers to the well-being benefit or interest of the entire community or society rather than the interest of individual or specific group

A

The common good

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35
Q

About our subjection to this for sovereign masters pleasure and pain. It also refers to the motivation of our action guided by our avoidance of pain and are desire for pleasure

A

Principle of utility

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36
Q

He wrote about the greatest happiness principle of ethics and was known for a system of penal judgement called PANOPTICUM

A

Jeremy Bentham

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37
Q

He was the teacher of james mill father of john stuart mill he was an advocate of economic freedom women’s right and separation of church and state among others he was also an advocate of animal rights and appellation of slavery that penalty and a corporation punishment of children

A

Jeremy bentham

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38
Q

According to jeremy bentham _____is the basis of the morality of an action

A

Balance

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39
Q

He thinks that the principle of utility must distinguish pleasure qualitatively and not merely quantitative. For him utilitarianism cannot promote the kind of pleasure appropriate for pigs or any other animals

A

John stuart mill

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40
Q

Branch of utilitarianism that was developed out of the work of jeremy bentham. Which focus on utility maximization that is maximizing that overall happiness of everyone and uses a hedonic approach to determine the rightness or wrongness of action

A

Quantitative utilitarianism

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41
Q

Argue that mental pleasures and pains are different in kind and superior inequality but purely physical touch. Argue that mental pleasures and pain differ from physical ones only terms of quantity

A

Qualitative utilitarianism

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42
Q

Says that, you should choose that action that produces the greatest good for greatest number of people

A

Classical utilitarianism

43
Q

The principle at issue should be used to this melrose and then search rose candy utilised in judging what is right and wrong and lola circumstances. An act is morally right if the conforms to a justified

A

Rule utilitarianism

44
Q

According to this an act is morally right if it conforms to a justified

A

Moral rule

45
Q

Inequating happiness with pleasure does not aim to describe the utilitarian moral agent alone and independently from others this is not only about individual pleasure regardless of how high intellectual or in ways noble it is but it is also about the pleasures of the greatest number affected by the consequences of our action

A

Principle of greatest number

46
Q

An action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce sadness or the reverse of. These elements are ahead to some assignable persons or persons on the one hand and a demand

A

Justice and right

47
Q

Holds the every individual has the equal right to basic liberties and they should have the right to opportunities and an equal chance as other individual of similar ability

A

Justice

48
Q

Pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality

A

Ethical

49
Q

Not conforming to a high moral standard it is used to oppose the word ethical

A

Unethical

50
Q

Concerned with the principle of right and wrong behavior and goodness or badness of human character

A

Moral

51
Q

Not conforming to accepted standards of morality

A

Immoral

52
Q

As is often done in moral philosophy or moral theology engages the question: what could or should be considered as the right way of acting it prescribes? what we ought to maintain as our standards or basis for moral valuation?

A

Normative ethics

53
Q

It involves a difference of belief and not a matter of preference it involves a factual disagreement where one or the other or neither belief is correct

A

Moral issue

54
Q

Detaching itself from the particular situation on arriving at a particular statement

A

Abstraction

55
Q

Is a systematic attempts to establish the validity of maintaining certain moral principles

A

Moral theory

56
Q

Is an ordinance of reason for the common good made to regulate the action of the community

A

Law

57
Q

A certain rule of and measure of acts whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting

A

Law

58
Q

It indicates the system of right or just held to be common to all humans and derived from nature

A

Natural law

59
Q

It is derived from eternal law as it appears to humans especially through revelation

A

Divine law

60
Q

It is enacted and enforced in society promotion of virtue is necessary for the common good and human law are instruments in the promotion of virtue

A

Human law

61
Q

Refers to all the different rules and regulation that are posted or put forward by an authority figure which requires one’s compliance

A

Positive law

62
Q

Is a system of beliefs and practices by which people relate their lives to a supernatural force or being such as god

A

Religion

63
Q

Are usually expressed in terms of the holy or the sacred the belief in god the supernatural and miraculous and the sacred is the most fundamental factor of religion

A

Beliefs

64
Q

Are considered sacred in any major faith it involves virtual and liturgical practices as well as systems of beliefs

A

Practices

65
Q

Religion is made up of individuals who constitute themselves as a_____.

A

Moral community

66
Q

Is a religious organization that is structured bureaucratically

A

Church

67
Q

Is a type of church organization closely integrated in the society but is not formal part of the state

A

Denomination

68
Q

Are smaller less organized religious bodies of committed members they typically emerge to oppose the dominance of a larger domination

A

Sects

69
Q

Are the most transient and informal of all religious group they provide havens for people who reject the norms and values of the large society

A

Cults

70
Q

Monotheistic it believes that there is only one true god israel is the d sacred land of the jewish people and it seen as a gift to them the children of israel from god

A

Judaism

71
Q

Believe in the holy trinity of the father son and holy spirit as one god the god of love it is believed that out of love for humanity god allowed his only son to be sacrifice in order for humanity to be saved

A

Christianity

72
Q

Believes that allah is the only true god and that muhammad is god’s messenger otherwise known as a prophet quran is the sacred text that muslim believe in the direct word of allah

A

Islam

73
Q

Believes in reincarnation and that all actions have direct effects referred to as karma dharma is the religious and moral law governing individual conduct

A

Hinduism

74
Q

Is recognized by buddhist themselves as a way of life it follows the teaching of gautama buddha who thought his followers that once and in life is to achieve enlightenment

A

Buddhism

75
Q

Is the complex hole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habit acquired by an individual as a member of society

A

Culture

76
Q

Is the tendency to perceive and judge others according to one’s cultural standards. In this view one he sees his or her culture as the yardstick in judging the behavior of others in other social context

A

Ethnocentrism

77
Q

Is the tendency to value other culture more highly than one’s own

A

Xenocentrism

78
Q

Strong points of psychological egoism which with an idea is marked by simplicity rather than crowded by complexity it has a unique appeal to it

A

Simplicity

79
Q

It is irrefutable theory because there is no way to try to answer without being confronted by the challenge that whatever one might say there is the self serving motivate at the root of everything

A

Psychological egoism

80
Q

Acknowledge that it is a dog eat dog world out there and given that everyone owe to put his or herself at the center

A

Ethical egoism

81
Q

An ethical theory that argues for the goodness of pleasure and the determination of right behavior based on the usefulness of the actions consequences

A

Utilitarianism

82
Q

English philosopher political economist and the member of the british parliament of the early modern period he defined utilitarianism as an ethical thought based on the principle that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness

A

John stuart mill

83
Q

Is an ethical theory that states that the rightness or wrongness of an action relies on its outcomes it is the view that the main determinant of the morality of an act is its consequences

A

Consequentialism

84
Q

Argues that pleasure and happiness are the main aims of human life and the highest point of all intrinsic goods achievable by humankind

A

Hedonism

85
Q

Is derived from the latin word jus meaning right. It means to accord each person what he or she deserves or to give each person his or her jew

A

Justice

86
Q

Justice is social norm
Justice is approvative justice is obligatory

A

Characteristic of justice

87
Q

Define justice as conformity to the law and thereby reduces the just to the legal justice cannot be identical with legality since it transcends it and is its critical measures

A

Positive law theory

88
Q

Define justice as doing what is useful for the social good in other words justice obliges a person to do what promotes the social good

A

Social good theory

89
Q

Holds that the natural right is the ultimate basis of justice accordingly the rights that are to be respected by justice are primarily derived from the laws inherent in nature itself

A

Natural right theory

90
Q

Renders to every person what is his or her rights and attributes to him or her what he or she really is. This form of justice includes the right one’s person, the property which one has acquired to once honor and merited and to one’s qualification

A

Attributive justice

91
Q

Concern with making and implementing decision according to fair procedure and ensure fair treatment

A

Procedural justice

92
Q

Renders to every person what is his or her do by right what he or she does not yet own but what he or she is entitled to receive as a renumeration, compensation, benefit, or what he or she is obliged to accept as burden in the service of the community

A

Proportional justice

93
Q

Refers to the economic welfare of social groups wherein it demands a proportionate share for the social partners in the fruits of their economic cooperation

A

Social justice

94
Q

The just imposition of punishment and penalties on those guilty of performing wrongful acts it demands indemnification of the injured person and active punishment of their offender

A

Retributive justice

95
Q

The just way of compensating people for what they lost as a result of wrongful action done to them

A

Compensatory justice

96
Q

Directs that the exchange of goods and services takes place according to strict equality of values

A

Commutative or contractual justice

97
Q

Obliged the member of the society to comply with the demands of the common good or the general good of the community

A

Contributive justice

98
Q

Holds the offender accountable for the harm that he or she has caused and to make reparation

A

Restorative justice

99
Q

Is the just and equitable distribution of benefits( rights and socioeconomic goods) unburdensed in the community according to proportional equality

A

Distributive justice

100
Q

Was an american political philosopher in the liberal tradition his greatest contribution to philosophy are his concept of justice and fairness which is a key to understanding the principles of liberty and equality

A

John rawls

101
Q

Suggest that everyone has a claim to basic liberties and rights

A

Liberty principle

102
Q

Suggest that human beings are equal and that they ought to be treated equally

A

Equality principle

103
Q

Requires that citizens with the same talents and willingness to use them have the same educational and economic opportunities regardless of whether they were born rich or poor

A

Fair equality of opportunity

104
Q

Regulates the distribution of wealth and income it allows inequalities of wealth and income so long as this will be to everyone’s advantage and specifically to the advantage of those who will be worse off

A

Difference principle

Second Sem (8 decks)

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