Ethics Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Does this class take a counselling psychology ethics approach rather than biomedical ethics approach? Why?
A
Counselling psychology approach because it is very likely that you will be counselling at some point in some way in your future
2
Q
What is the difference between values and ethics?
A
Ethics: the analysis and determination of how people ought to act when judged against a system of values… and are fundamentally aspirational in nature and focus on the highest ideals of human awareness, intentions, reasoning, and behaviour.
Values: concepts of what is good - such as honesty and generosity - that are affirmed, and what is bad - such as greed and cruelty - that are repudiated in both thought and action.
3
Q
Is doing nothing a possible action.
A
Why, yes it is.
4
Q
What does the field of professional ethics do?
A
deals with clarifying the core set of related values of the profession, applying them to the resolution of the problematic issues, and demarcating acceptable and unacceptable professional behaviour.
5
Q
Difference between ethical principles versus laws.
A
Ethical principles can conflict, whereas laws are designed not to conflict (they are firm - right or wrong).
6
Q
What does it mean to say that ethical principles are prima facie binding?
A
Prima facie binding - means that each of those principles stand as being most important; top until it conflicts with another.
- Ex. autonomy is bound highest until it conflicts with beneficence or care for the client.
7
Q
Why do we need ethics in professions?
A
Need to have a code of ethics to guide professional’s behaviour - so when people come for service, those values and skills are part of that person and they will take care of you in that regard. That trust is very important.
8
Q
What is an ethical dilemma?
A
a situation that requires ethical action, but the professional is required to perform two or more mutually exclusive actions
(ethical principles are in conflict)
can be “ethical residue” following an action - there might be no satisfactory conclusion, yet the choice not to act is itself an ethical decision
9
Q
What is ethical residue?
A
negative consequences or feelings to you or somebody else affected, due to the ethical dilemma
10
Q
What is teleological ethics?
A
Consequentialism, Utilitarianism
- analytic and social approach
- the good is determined by the consequences of the act
- emphasizes greatest happiness of the greatest number
11
Q
What are the 2 types of utilitarianism?
A
Act utilitarianism:
- act is evaluated on the consequences it produces in a particular situation and the balance of good over bad (which action creates the greatest good)
Rule utilitarianism:
- an act is right if the rule dictacting the act maximizes happiness of the greatest good for the greatest number (which rule if followed will create the greatest good)
12
Q
What type of utilitarianism is often considered a hybrid between consequentialism and principlism?
A
rule utilitarianism
- hybrid between greatest good and following the rule
13
Q
What is deontological ethics?
A
AKA principlism
one acts ethically when, upon reflection, this act/decision can be made into a universal law
principle-based
- based on right or wrong (intention of the act does not matter)
analytic and personal approach
practitioners act on and follow out an internal sense duty “duty ethics”
based on a finite number of obligatory principles
14
Q
Who came up with the deontological perspective?
A
Emmanuel Kant
15
Q
Does deontological ethics believe principles can be the only guide to ethical behaviour?
A
No - principles are overarching, should not be the only guide to ethical behaviour
16
Q
According to Beauchamp and Childress, what are the 4 obligatory principles?
A
autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice
17
Q
What is virtue ethics?
A
AKA character ethics
looks at excellence of character - people who have these virtues engage in ethical acts
focus on the qualities professionals should develop and the character that should be developed to reach the profession’s goals
concerned with having the right motive (not concerned with consequence or correspondence with principles)
18
Q
What are the 5 focal virtues?
A
compassion
discernment
trustworthiness
integrity
conscientiousness
19
Q
Should virtue ethics be used on its own?
A
they say no, but that it offers a supplement to the application of ethical principles in dilemmas
20
Q
Would stealing for the purpose of feeding others be considered okay according to virtue ethics?
A
yes
if doing it for desperation or selfish reasons, then no
21
Q
What is relational ethics?
A
ethics of care, feminist ethics
relational
- looks at importance of personal relationships - positive collaborative therapeutic relationship
- values consensus, social context, and cooperation
each act is right or wrong based on the impact on the relationships of people involved
22
Q
What is an essential component of relational ethics?
A
TRUST
23
Q
What is relative ethics?
Are moral standards absolute?
A
recognizes that moral values differ from person to person and culture to culture, and from different time periods
- no moral standards are absolute
- individuals must bear responsibility for ethical decision making, rather than relying on principles
24
Q
Why are moral standards not absolute?
A
they are a matter of societal norms and personal opinions (not binding)
- need to understand own bias
- values differ across people, cultures, and over time
25
What is new causistry ethics?
Focuses on concrete cases and analysis of cases, and derives ethical principles from those cases (using previous cases to apply to new situations)
bottom-up process from cases to principles (extract rules from cases and reapply to new situations)
26
What are the components of moral behaviour?
moral sensitivity
moral reasoning
moral motivation
moral character
27
What is moral sensitivity?
recognizing a situation has implications for the welfare of someone else
ability to see an ethical dilemma
28
What is moral reasoning?
thinking through the alternatives once the situation has been recognized as having moral dimension
29
What is moral motivation?
once options are evaluated, the next step is to decide whether or not to follow through on the ethical choice
personal commitment to action, and accepting responsibility
30
What is moral character?
carrying out a moral action to its conclusion
sometimes this is uncomfortable and comes at a personal cost
Includes reflecting back on the decision, dealing with consequences; recognize your responsibility
31
Give a brief description of the difference between teleology, deontology, and existentialism.
teleology - good
deontology - right
existentialism - authentic
32
What is teleological recognition?
degree to which the best ends are achieved for the group (utilitarianism) or the individual (hedonism)
does the ethical dilemma prevent ends from being achieved for the individual? For the group?
33
What is deontological recognition?
focus on the rules and duties
rule, policy, procedure, code of ethics broken?
bad rule, policy, procedure, or code that should be broken?
has a law been broken?
is it a bad law that should be changed?
what was the implicit and explicit duty of individuals in the case?
was this sense of duty followed?
34
What is existential recognition?
extent to which the situation restricts or denies one's authenticity
* Is there a restriction upon the individual's freedom to choose?
* Is there a restriction upon the individual's freedom to take responsibility for action?
* Is there an attempt in general to control an individual's or a group's behaviour?
* Is there an attempt to deny an individual's free will?
35
What are 3 questions you always want to ask yourself when ready to make a decision? (Quick Check)
What 3 elements do we want to check for?
1) publicity - would I want this decision to be announced on the front page of a major newspaper?
2) universality - would I make the same decision for everyone?
3) justice - is everyone being treated fairly by my decision?
36
What is a wise practices lens?
integration of various ways of knowing when making ethical decisions
ex. two-eyed seeing
37
What is two-eyed seeing?
reflects the "bringing together" of knowledge from the strengths of Indigenous ways of knowing and the strengths of Western ways of knowing
38
3 key questions to ask yourself in challenging ethical situations:
- are my actions defensible to other professionals?
- have I documented my ethical decision-making process?
- would I act this way in a "well-lit room"?
39
Be able to make CPA/Welfel decision making model and apply.
40
Why do you think that some Codes of Ethics provide an ethical decision making model while others do not?
Not everyone will use the same lens and moral sensitivity and values to make a decision.
Don't want everyone to act in the same way, and every dilemma is different
41
What are the 6 ethical principles?
What do they mean?
Autonomy - freedom to make one's own choices and take actions based on one's own personal values and beliefs
Nonmaleficence - obligation not to inflict harm upon others
Beneficence - obligation to act for the benefit of others
Justice - fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of others
Fidelity - fulfilling one's responsibilities of trust
Veracity - truthfulness
42
What are the 5 focal virtues?
What do they mean?
Compassion - regard for another's welfare and an awareness of misfortune and suffering
Discernment - being able to make fitting judgements without being unduly influenced by extraneous factors
Trustworthiness - warranting confidence in one's character and conduct
Integrity - knowing one's own personal ideals and being faithful to them
Conscientiousness - acting to determine what's right, intend to do what's right, and putting effort towards doing what's right
43
The reason healthcare providers do not serve family because it could cloud judgement relates to what focal virtue?
discernment - because it can be hard to remove bias or values, and you are tied to the situation
44
What's the difference between codes of ethics and codes of conduct?
Codes of ethics: aspirational in nature, overarching, guide moral decision making process
Codes of conduct: more detailed and guide actions and behaviour (actual guidelines of expected behaviour to follow)
- more educational / enforceable
45
What are the types of codes of ethics?
Aspirational - broadly worded, principles that don't define any precise right or wrong behaviour
Educational - combines ethical principles with explicit interpretations to help professionals make informed decisions in morally ambiguous contexts
Enforceable - set of standards that describes behaviours required and proscribed by the profession
46
What are the functions of professional codes of ethics?
sets standards for professional work
safeguards interests of client
internal control mechanism
guidance
protect professionals from outside intervention and supervision
reserve public trust in professionals
ensure status of profession and legitimacy of remuneration
protect rights of professionals against unfounded complaints
47
How are CMA and CPA different in terms of deontological versus teleological versus caring?
CMA - more deontological (much less teleological)
- duty ethics following guidelines and principles
CPA - more teleological compared to CMA
48
What are limitations of codes of ethics?
- application to any one setting or situation is limited (diverse populations, variety of activities)
- professions change rapidly (sometimes codes reflect what can be agreed upon, rather than an ethical ideal)
- sometimes focus too much on minor issues (at expense of "big" questions for a profession)
- not "cookbooks" for responsible behaviour
(have to be interpreted and applied)
49
Who are codes of ethics designed to protect?
Ppl particularly vulnerable are also more easily manipulated or exploited; more of a struggle to protect them
50
Is ethical liability or legal liability more difficult?
Ethical liability is a lot more challenging than legal liability b/c ethical liability is a test of character
51
What is the difference between criminal law and civil law?
criminal - offences against the public or society
- updates as society evolves
civil - disputes among citizens (ex. wills, contact breaches, property damage, slander)
- precedent of cases helps inform future cases
52
The textbook emphasizes what 2 principles as fundamental to consent?
autonomy - freedom to make one's own choices and take actions based on one's own personal values and beliefs
fidelity - fulfilling one's responsibilities of trust
53
53
Why do fidelity and autonomy weave together so closely?
Due to the relationship with their foundation based on trust.
As a professional, there is a power dynamic and that client puts their trust in you.
54
What are the 2 conditions essential for autonomous decisions?
Liberty - independence from any controlling influence
Agency - capacity for intentional action
55
What do you do as a professional if you disagree with the choices a client is making?
Inform options and risk vs. benefit with unbiased opinion
Respect the decision
Allow them to make their own choice
Document what you have done, document to protect yourself
When mental capacity of the individual isn't there, we can override that
56
When might the choice to delegate decision making not be autonomous?
- problem of unjust families and traditions
57
Is autonomous choice a right or a duty (of the patient)?
it is the right, not a duty, of the patient
58
What are the 5 conditions of delegating decision-making (with autonimity)?
1 - right to informed consent and right to include family
2 - not pressured
3 - granting of family decision-making is authentic
4 - family is willing
5 - family is well-motivated
59
Explain how autonomy can be thought of as the "first among equals"?
seen as the most important among the principles
- because the ability to think for oneself, make decisions for oneself about how to lead one's life, and enact those decisions is what makes morality possible
- autonomy is a necessary component of the other 3 principles
(people vary their own individual perceptions of benefits and harms - beneficence and nonmaleficence)
(if people are morally bound to laws, they need to autonomously accept, or reject being thus bound - justice)
60
What cases may there be where respect for autonomy should be overridden?
when considering competence
* - age/children
* - mature minor
* - child protection legislation (court ordered treatment when parents refuse)
* - diminished capacity / dependent adult
* - when respect for autonomy conflicts with other principles (ex. if public health is endangered, there is potential harm to innocent others, if scarce resources are required)
61
Explain informed consent as a process.
Informed consent should be seen as a process, not an event.
Includes written and verbal processes.
Should include an "enthusiastic yes"
62
What types of information should be included in consent forms?
- limits of confidentiality
- any supervisory relationship
- procedures
- fees and arrangement of payment
- potential risks and benefits
- expectations
- credentials
- contact information
- grievance procedures
- purpose of activity
- option to withdraw
- period over which consent applies
- how to rescind consent
- what will be kept on the client's file
- cancellation policy
- opportunity to ask questions
63
Why is fidelity required for informed consent?
effective informed consent processes require a trusting and collaborative relationship between professionals and clients
64
What are the dangers of paternalism?
Paternalism = treating them like you are the parent, way of taking away autonomy or a population's ability to make their own autonomous decision
65
What fundamental ethical principle underlies the precepts of informed consent and confidentiality?
autonomy
66
What are some examples of subtle ways professionals might undermine the ethical principle of respect for autonomy in their work with a client?
When they believe they know better and feel like they should undermine the decision
- Ex. not providing other alternatives for treatment, just telling what they think is best
- Not listening to their concerns or symptoms
- Letting money get in the way, bias or conflict of interest
- Not being open to an idea; not giving research, evidence, etc.
67
Should you keep working with a client if you disagree with the autonomous choices he/she is making?
It is okay to step away, but must provide them with a contact to seek the service they require.
68
What is confidentiality?
The professional expectation that information about a client not be disclosed, except when agreed upon by the client.
69
What are fundamental components of confidentiality?
autonomy and discretion
70
What fundamental ethical principle underlies the precepts of confidentiality?
respect for autonomy - affirms the right to decide who has access to information, and honouring confidentiality demonstrates the ethical virtues of integrity, trustworthiness, and respectfulness
71
What is the danger for the professional if they betray confidentiality?
the individual's reputation, job, and license may be at stake - he/she may be vulnerable to civil action for malpractice or breach of contract
72
What might limits of confidentiality include?
- client request for release of information
- third-party access (ex. SGI, WCB)
- court orders
- client complaints and litigation
- provincial law (ex. parental legal right to info)
- duty to warn and protect (ex. child in need of protection)
73
How might the Health Professions Act (BC) relate to limits of confidentiality?(i.e., when to report other professionals)
Need to report other health professionals in the following cases:
incompetence; sexual misconduct; hospitalization for psychiatric care or treatment for drugs and alcohol
74
What should be done if the decision is to breach confidentiality?
provide notice to the client, if at all possible
- (minimize harm to the client that can result from sharing confidential information)
encourage disclosure by the client (Ex. If you know it is the client themselves engaging in risky behaviour or something, have them disclose what they are doing, rather than you having to do it yourself)
75
How could a professional balance the recommended practice of consulting in the ethical decision-making process with the need to keep client information confidential?
If I was to share the file, then 100%, need to get that consent first
Or can consult with giving as little information about the patient as you can
76
What are the 3 conditions sufficient to impose duty to warn?
1 - special relationship
2 - reasonable prediction of conduct that constitutes danger
3 - foreseeable victim (even when victim is not specifically named)
77
How might principles of beneficence potentially demand much more than the principle of non-maleficence?
Because agents must take positive steps to help others, not merely refrain from harmful acts
78
What is positive beneficence?
positive beneficence: providing benefits to others
79
What is utility?
utility: balancing of benefits, risks, and costs to produce the best overall results
80
What is benevolence?
benevolence: positive trait of caring and compassion for others, and with feeling pleasure when the welfare of another improves
81
What are the norms of beneficence?
What are the norms of nonmaleficence?
Beneficence:
- prevent evil or harm
- remove evil or harm
- do or promote good
Nonmaleficence:
- not inflict evil or harm
82
What is nonmalevolence?
an absence of cruel intent or motive
includes avoiding preventable risks of harm
83
Consistently leaving clients no better off at the end of service is a violation of what?
violation of the principle of beneficence
84
Which typically overrides - nonmaleficence or beneficence?
Nonmaleficence typically overrides beneficence, but not always
85
When might beneficence override nonmaleficence? (give examples)
Ex. surgery with important outcomes that has a possible negative outcome
Ex. short-term pain in physio for long-term benefit
86
If you are a coach and an athlete you work with gets injured, have you violated the principle of nonmaleficence?
Not necessarily, because there are risks in everything and the athlete should understand the risks.
But there are situations where the coach could have violated nonmaleficence.
You would be responsible if you are negligent, not properly educating, not properly warming up the athletes, playing injured athletes when you know that it is not good for them, the way you train the athletes (including match-ups).
87
What are the components of professional competence?
Knowledge: knowledge in the history, theory, and research of one's field; including knowing limits of current understanding; includes continuous study and education
Skill: being able to apply knowledge in work with clients
Judgement: knowing when to apply knowledge and skills in particular circumstances
Diligence: consistent attentiveness to client needs, and working hard to help them (going the extra mile)
88
Diligence includes what?
In addition to consistent attentiveness to client needs and working hard to help them
- avoid unnecessary risks
- involves a level of self-awareness of any personal or situational circumstances that might diminish one's competence (know boundaries)
89
Prevention of harm typically includes what 3 things?
non-maleficence
beneficence
professional competence
90
In coaching, how could the same "training, skills, and powers" that professionals use produce both potential benefits and harms?
Over-training, progression vs. progressing too far, short-term pain/discomfort for long-term benefit
91
When might the principles of respect for autonomy and those of beneficence and non-maleficence conflict?
In what situations might one principle override the others?
When the professional disagrees with the best thing for the client, but they have a different choice of care and you need to respect autonomy.
- For the most part, autonomy overrides
- Can override autonomy when client is unfit to make decisions
92
When considering helping without harming, why is paternalism of significant ethical concern, even though the goal of the professional acting paternally is to benefit the client?
Paternalism - demanding something on your behalf; controlling someone else's care
Often takes away their autonomy*
93
Describe our obligation of veracity in our work with clients.
What is the goal of veracity?
Goal of veracity: comprehensive, accurate, and objective transmission of information; fostering of client understanding
94
Describe the obligation of veracity.
veracity includes the comprehensive, accurate, and objective transmission of information, as well as the fostering of client understanding
95
How might careful management of medical information, including limited disclosure, nondisclosure, deception, and even lying, be occasionally justified?
When veracity conflicts with other obligations
96
What is the relationship between obligations of veracity and the ethical principle of respect for autonomy?
Can be at odds when not sharing information and fulfilling veracity in order to keep autonomy of another patient
Another example would be for someone diagnosed with cancer but who doesn't want to know results
97
What are dual relationships?
relationships with a client that are secondary to professional relationship (or multiple professional relationships)
98
What is the major risk with a dual/multiple relationship?
major risk is that the nonprofessional/secondary relationship might compromise the judgement of the professional and the client's response to service
also potential "slippery slope" to other unethical conduct
multiple professional roles can also present a conflict as to where professional loyalty lies
99
Explain the issue of dual relationships and how it can relate to practicing in isolated or small communities.
Potential for harm turning away vs potential harm arising out of multiple role expectations
100
Two important factors when considering a dual relationship.
- the potential for harm to the client by engaging in the secondary relationship
- the potential for harm by not partaking in the additional relationship
Better off for client by not engaging or them requiring the care and it is less harmful for them to provide the care?
101
Recommendations for conduct when entering a dual relationship.
- need for ongoing informed consent, clearly detailing potential benefits and risks to all relationships
- need for full disclosure and full voluntary consent (potentially third party consent process)
- awareness of potential for favouritism
- establishment and communication of clear boundaries across multiple roles
- consultation with trusted colleagues
- ensuring client best interest is always primary
- ensuring one relationship is not contingent on the other
102
What should you ask yourself before engaging in dual/multiple relationships?
Is the secondary relationship necessary or should it be avoided?
Can the dual relationship potentially cause harm?
If harm seems unlikely or avoidable, would the additional relationship prove beneficial?
Is there a risk that the secondary relationship could disrupt the primary professional relationship?
Can this matter be evaluated objectively?
103
What should you ask yourself after engaging in dual/multiple relationships?
Has the decision making process been adequately documented?
Has informed consent been obtained regarding the risks in the dual relationship?
Does the record show evidence of professional consultation?
Does the record reflect a client-oriented decision-making process?
Are sources of consultation credible?
Does knowledge of the client support the establishment of multiple relationships?
(Has client had time to think about this and make a decision?)
104
Why is there a general consensus in the ethics literature that professionals should consider entering into secondary relationships with clients only "with the greatest of caution"?
Slippery slope, potential for boundaries to be crossed is much higher, risk against non-maleficence is much higher
105
Why might boundary violations be the grounds on which psychologists are most frequently disciplined? Are the risks of boundary violations specific to psychologists?
Boundary violations can be with any profession, can be crossed in many of the same ways
- From client's perspective, they are in a very vulnerable position; would feel betrayed if the person you have trusted shared information and broke the relationship
○ More personal
○ Autonomy is more at risk, may feel trust is broken
Complaints often when it feels more personal for the client (ex. something personal or vulnerable that they shared (compared to care not healing them right away))
- They want to feel validated, listened to, and want a feeling of trust; want someone that is compassionate, empathetic, and trustworthy
106
Why is the establishment of boundaries so important to professionals in their work with clients?
Risks of too rigid or too diffuse of boundaries?
Risks of too rigid of boundaries:
- Not personable, not showing compassion
- Need to build relationship to have that trust - empathy, compassion, and listening are so important
- Can make the person feel completely unvalidated
- Don't feel trust, not cared for
Risks of too diffuse of boundaries:
- Can make the client feel uncomfortable
- Making assumptions about personal life can be uncomfortable, disrespectful
- Oversharing
- Can feel like there is preferred treatment present (fairness between other clients/people)
107
What duties and virtues are fundamental to diversity?
respect: be open to diversity of worldviews
nonmaleficence: when professionals impose their own cultural beliefs on clients, services might be incompatible with their needs (and therefore produce harm)
beneficence: we can often be more effective if we consider clients' unique needs, characteristics, and circumstances
108
Persons not part of Canada's dominant culture often receive less benefit and utilize services less than members of the dominant culture. Why might this be the case?
Lots of our culture or services do not reflect the needs of people with different views, values, and cultural beliefs
- need to improve diversity of healthcare system
109
What 9 cultural factors are relevant to professional work with clients?
- age
- disability
- religion
- ethnicity
- social status
- sexual orientation
- Indigenous heritage
- national origin
- gender
110
What are the 9 forms of oppression that are associated with the 9 cultural factors?
age = ageism
disability = ableism
religion = religious intolerance
ethnicity = racism
social status = classism
sexual orientation = heterosexism
Indigenous heritage = colonialism
national origin = racism/nationalism
Gender = sexism
111
*What are the 5 key points from the video on developing cultural competence?
- valuing diversity
- conducting cultural self-assessment
- understanding the dynamics of difference
- institutionalizing cultural knowledge
- adapting to diversity
112
3 key skills to develop cross-cultural competence
openness, self-awareness, knowledge
113
We want to strive for recommended balance in being culturally competent. What does this mean?
appropriate consideration without either overemphasizing or ignoring or downplaying their influence on human behaviour
114
What is culture?
Shared common values of a group of individuals
115
What ethical principles are particularly relevant to and underlie cross-cultural practice?
justice
autonomy
beneficence
justice: fair, appropriate, equitable treatment - pulling in their needs and values
beneficence - promote good for them, making sure the work you are doing is providing good for them
116
What steps could you take as a professional to develop your own cultural competence and foster cultural competence among your colleagues?
Ask questions and be open to learn from other clients, want to learn more about others and their values/beliefs, etc.
Make connections with different cultural groups in your settings
Bring people in for education session, being knowledge and ask questions
Stand up when there is a wrong
117
What is an injustice?
wrongful act or omission that denies people resources or protection to which they have the right
118
What is the fair-opportunity rule?
no persons should receive social benefits on the basis of underserved advantageous properties, or be denied benefits on the basis of undeserved disadvantageous properties
119
Most codes of ethics recognize justice in a section focused on what?
responsibility to society
120
Silence is the residue of what?
fear
121
What are some of the challenges in promoting social justice?
often is in recognizing an injustice, knowing silence is the "wrong" option, and being afraid that there might be personal cost to speaking up
122
*What factors should be considered when you are faced with making a decision of whether or not to take action in a situation that calls for social activism?
Is my knowledge of the matter sufficiently complete and accurate?
To what extent is this a case of individual rights as opposed to an unjust
system?
Will I be violating any implicit or explicit agreements by taking social action?
Will I be violating any implicit or explicit agreements by not taking social
action?
What ethical duties or professional standards are relevant to this situation and the action I am considering?
What can I realistically expect to achieve by taking social action in this particular matter?
Am I willing to make the personal and professional sacrifices that will likely be necessary if I take action?
123
Research ethics policies have been developed, in part, due to what?
In response to historical practices of unethical treatment of people in research.
124
Most universities have adopted what guidelines for ethical research?
Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Researchers Involving Humans (TCPS2)
125
What are the 3 core principles of the TCPS2?
respect for persons
concern for welfare
justice
126
What guidelines are included in the TCPS2?
Conflicts of Interest
Process of consent
Privacy and confidentiality
127
What governs research in universities?
they all have their own research ethics boards, but each individual researcher is also responsible to be aware of and follow ethical standards and guidelines
128
What duties and virtues are fundamental to research?
respect for autonomy
beneficence and non-maleficence
justice - benefits and burdens shared equally by all members of society
fidelity and integrity - honest with participants and the handling of research data
129
What are 2 key requirements for research with Indigenous peoples?
Community engagement
Respect for community customs and codes of practice
130
What are the OCAP principles?
Ownership - any information collected is owned by the community
Control - the right to control all aspects of research
Access - the right to access any information about themselves regardless of where the information is held
Possession - the right to physically possess all and any research data that is collected
131
How to TCPS2 and OCAP relate or differ from each other?
In TCPS - respecting autonomy and consent
OCAP - more towards ownership of the information, involving the community and having them part of the process in developing the process and formation of the research. They help form the question rather than us proposing something and just asking for their participation
TCPS - more overarching core principles
OCAP - more laid out and shows specifics of necessity for community involvement, control, access, and possession
