ETHICS Flashcards by Sarah Faith Cañarejo

A branch of philosophy concerned with establishing the principle of right and wrong behavior

Psychology

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Philosophy

Study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

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It is a moral code that guides how an individual should behave

Ethics

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It is about the individual’s search for meaning while dealing with human problems which may be logical (problems of reasoning), epistemological (problems of the truth, cosmological (problems of universe), ethical (problems of morality), aesthetical (problems of art and beauty) or scientific problems (problems of science)

(Timbreza, 1993)

Ethics

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TRUE OR FALSE
At the moment a person is born, he or she begins to suffer and will continue to suffer until death

TRUE

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TRUE OR FALSE
Human beings are logical beings but human existence is inexplicable

TRUE

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Ability of an individual to perform one’s duties well

Competence

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Privacy

A person’s right to keep personal information out of public view

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Communication between a professional and a subject; gives permission for a procedure to occur

Informed consent

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Capacity to keep information restricted to only those who have permission to view it

Confidentiality

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Beneficence (doing good) and Non-maleficence (to do no harm

Aim to help and do no harm

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Interdisciplinary field
encompassing a
broad range of
domains:public health,
health research and
clinical care (WHO)

Health Ethics

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Adherence to ethical principles; honest behaviors

Integrity

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Fidelity and Responsibility

Establish trust and uphold one’s responsibility

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deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as the foundation of moral beliefs

Ethics

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Donal Harrington

morality can be viewed in different perspectives-as a law, as an inner conviction, as love, as personal growth, and as social transformation.

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What are the nuances between ethics and morality as illustrated by James Gustafson (1974).

Theoretical prescriptions/Critiques
- The nature of the good
-The nature of human person
-Criteria of judgment

Based on principles practiced by a particular community

-Fundamental convictions of human agent
-Character of moral agent
-Use of norms
-Situational analysis

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ETHICAL ISSUES IN HEALTHCARE

. Patient Privacy and Confidentiality
. Transmission of Diseases
. Relationships
. End-of-Life Issues
. Elderly Patients
. Aggressive marketing practices

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-Right of healthcare providers to protect themselves from
communicable diseases, whether by direct or indirect contact with an
infected patient.
-Patient’s health history

Transmission of Diseases

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Terminally ill patient’s special wishes – “LivingWill”

End-of-Life Issues

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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) define
what information can be released and to whom.

Protection of private patient information

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Sexual relationships (in healthcare facilities)
STRICTLY FORBIDDEN

Relationships

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A concept associated with Passive Euthanasia

LIVING WILL

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Patient care, not marketing schemes
Marketing campaign is truthful,sincere and not misleading

Aggressive marketing practices

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* Not capable of making rational decisions * “LivingWill”

Elderly Patients

Anchored on the principle that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture.

Ethical relativism/moral relativism

A written document that allows a patient to give explicit instructions in advance about the medical treatment to be administered when he or she is terminally ill or no longer able to express informed consent

LIVING WILL

It is a theory based on norms relative to a particular culture or society.

Ethical Relativism

For example, some cultures may accept certain acts and behaviors that are unacceptable to other cultures.

Ethical Relativism

-Acknowledges societal diversity, that every society has a unique moral design and culture; and people's beliefs are greatly influenced by culture. -The challenge to each society is the preservation of its cultural uniqueness and acknowledgment of cultural differences.

Ethical Relativism

It is a philosophical approach or movement that began in the 1870s. The term was coined by Charles Sanders Peirce and further developed by William James.

ETHICAL PRAGMATISM

It is considered as America's most distinctive and major contribution to the field of philosophy. It is more of a theory on knowledge, truth, and meaning rather than morality. Although the language of moral interest may appear in many of the writings of Peirce and James

ETHICAL PRAGMATISM

Voluntary active euthanasia

Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient's death with the patient's informed consent.

Involuntary active euthanasia

Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient's death when the patient was competent to consent but did not—eg, the patient may not have been asked.

Nonvoluntary active euthanasia

Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient's death when the patient was incompetent and was mentally incapable of consenting—eg, the patient might have been in a coma.

Administering narcotics or other medications to relieve pain with the incidental consequence of causing sufficient respiratory depression to result in the patient's death.

Indirect euthanasia

Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatments from a patient to let the patient die (terminating life-sustaining treatments).

Passive euthanasia

ETHICAL UTILITARIANISM is Founded by two English Philosophers:

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their consequences.

The school of ethics

What are the moral issues that are perceived to be controversial?

Abortion Euthanasia (Mercy Killing) Genetic Engineering

What article states that Abortion is illegal in the Philippines

Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception (Article II, Section 12).

is the practice of ending a life intentionally, usually in situations when an individual is terminally ill

Euthanasia

Herbert Hendin (2004)

describes euthanasia as the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful

Also known as mercy killing, it is regarded as a merciful release of an individual from an incurable sickness.

Euthanasia

Health Care Providers

* Mustseek to protect patient privacy in all settings to the greatest extent possible

Health Care Providers should

-Minimize intrusion on privacy -Inform the patient when there has been a significant infringement on privacy -Be mindful that individual patients may have special concerns about privacy

An applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research

MEDICAL ETHICS

CLINICAL ETHICS

A practical discipline that provides a structured approach to assist health professionals in identifying, analyzing and resolving ethical issues that arise in clinical practice.

Ethics in clinical research focuses largely on identifying and implementing the acceptable conditions for exposure of some individuals to risks and burdens for the benefit of society at large.

ETHICS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH

7 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN HEALTHCARE

. Non-maleficence . Beneficence . Health Maximization . Efficiency . Respect for . Justice . Proportionality

asserts that a health care professional should act in such a way that he or she does no harm, even if her or his patient or client requests it.

Non-maleficence Do no harm

The obligation to produce benefit, for individual patients or clients

. Beneficence

. Health Maximization

Health of the broader constituency of the public and improvements

Acknowledge patient’s rights

. Respect for autonomy

Efficient use of resources

Efficiency

Equal rights

Justice

Proportionality

Private good and public interest

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CONCEPTS

are principles that govern the behavior of person or a group of people.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CONCEPTS

Unlike values, professional ethics are often codified as a set of rules, which a particular group of people use.

Provide rules on how a person should act towards other people and institutions

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CONCEPTS

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

underpin all professional codes of conduct.

Some universal ethical principles that apply across all professions, including:

-Honesty -Accountability -Respect for others -Trustworthiness -Adherence to the law -Loyalty -Doing good and avoiding harm to others

Provide guidelines for the minimum standard of appropriate behavior in a professional context

CODES OF CONDUCT

Sit alongside the general law of the land and the personal values of members of the profession

CODES OF CONDUCT

Goal of the (Health) Ethics Committee

To establish a written code of ethics that details the policies and procedures that determine proper conduct for all employees. *Doctors * Therapists Nurses * Other healthcare providers * Assist patients and their families * Work together to identify, understand, and resolve difficult ethical decisions.

"actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness. The utility or usefulness of an action is determined by the extent to which it promotes happiness rather than its reverse."

ETHICAL UTILITARIANISM The principle of utility formulated by Mill

duty-based ethics

Deontological

School of Ethics Philosophers Respecting the autonomy of others is a primary value.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Principles

John Locke (1632-1704)

School of Ethics Deontological or duty-based ethics: Is It Right?

School of Ethics Philosophers Consequentialist ethics: Is it good?

Philosophers: David Hume (1711-1776) Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

School of Ethics Actions aim at bringing about the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Benevolence is a primary value.

Main Goals

School of Ethics Philosophers Virtue Ethics: How to Live Your Life

Philosophers/Ethicists Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

Am I doing more good or harm by my behavior?

Consequentialist ethics

Is my behavior consistent with being a moral person?

Virtue Ethics: How to Live Your Life

-Aspiring to a set of virtues. -Avoiding a set of vices. -Integrity is a primary value.

Principles Alasdair MacIntyre (1929)

Privacy and confidentiality - all subjects should be able to expect that:

- privacy guidelines will be established early - private details are not disclosed unless required by law - conversations will remain confidential

* Mr. X is being recruited to be part of the clinical trial for SARS Cov 2 vaccine. * Informed consent - subjects have the right to know:

-the purpose of research (phasing in of new vaccine) -the nature of the research (clinical trial) -the potential dangers and effects of the research -all subjects should be debriefed after the research is completed

a controversial ethical issue because it involves genetic manipulations that are perceived to be against moral standards set by the society.

Genetic engineering

humans are seen to be acting as their own gods because of procedures that enable them to manipulate the genetic make-up of organisms.

Genetic engineering

a procedure whose main purpose is to screen, choose, and select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal malformations (Ciabal, 2003). Genetic screening is usually done for the early diagnosis of diseases.

Genetic Screening

Genetic interventions

are techniques such as genetic control, therapy, and surgery. According to Ciabal (2003), people can now "intervene" in the biological process and "control" bad or defective genes.

Is popularly known as laboratory fertilization. In the past, this technology became the subject of controversies because of many religious groups opposing the procedure as they perceive it to be a deviation from the natural process of fertilization.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

is a form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases. It has been the subject of controversy because of how stem cells are sourced

Stem-ceil therapy

covers the philosophy of doing what is right.

Ethics

serves as the guiding principle in the ethical practice of a profession.

The code of ethics

covers the morally accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace

Professional Ethics

TRUE OR FALSE Professionalism in the workplace is necessary in maintaining a healthy and productive work environment.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Professional ethics guide individuals in dealing with issues and conflicts in the workplace in order for them to remain functional.

TRUE

Deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as foundation of moral beliefs.

Ethics

TRUE OR FALSE Diversity, decision making, compliance, and governance are some of the concerns that need to be considered when doing an ethical review in the context of the health care profession.

TRUE

covers the accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace setting.

Professional ethics

ETHICS Flashcards

(92 cards)