ETHICS Flashcards by ONG LI XUAN, ASHLEY

Which of the following is NOT a reason why people choose to act unethically?
a) Greed
b) Omnipotence
c) Cultural awareness
d) Justified neglect

c) Cultural awareness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does “socializing corruption” refer to?
a) Justifying corrupt actions with logical reasoning
b) Encouraging new employees to engage in corrupt practices
c) Denying that corruption has any negative consequences
d) Using corruption for social networking

b) Encouraging new employees to engage in corrupt practices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven internal pillars of moral foundation?
a) Care/harm
b) Liberty/oppression
c) Efficiency/productivity
d) Loyalty/betrayal

c) Efficiency/productivity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the 7 pillars of moral foundation?

Care / Harm – Concern for the well-being of others and avoiding harm.
Fairness / Cheating – Emphasis on justice, equality, and fair treatment.
Equality / Proportionality – Ensuring fair treatment while distributing rewards or punishments proportionally.
Loyalty / Betrayal – Valuing commitment to a group, family, or nation.
Authority / Subversion – Respect for leadership, hierarchy, and order.
Sanctity / Degradation – Respect for purity, traditions, and values that protect against moral corruption.
Liberty / Oppression – Valuing individual freedom and resisting tyranny or oppression.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the best “insurance policy” against a disproportionately negative reaction to unethical actions?
a) Blaming someone else
b) Rationalizing unethical actions
c) Having a clean conscience and avoiding unethical actions
d) Convincing others that the unethical action is for the greater good

c) Having a clean conscience and avoiding unethical actions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which ethical framework is based on consequences and aims for the greatest good for the greatest number?
a) Virtue ethics
b) Kantian ethics
c) Utilitarianism
d) Deontological ethics

c) Utilitarianism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Kantian ethics, what is the most important principle in decision-making?
a) The overall happiness generated by the decision
b) The personal benefits to the decision-maker
c) The adherence to universal moral duties and principles
d) The financial cost of the decision

c) The adherence to universal moral duties and principles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about System 1 thinking is TRUE?
a) It is slow and deliberate
b) It relies on logical reasoning and deep analysis
c) It is automatic and based on intuition
d) It prevents cognitive biases

c) It is automatic and based on intuition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which bias refers to favoring people similar to ourselves, such as friends or family?
a) Overclaiming credit
b) In-group favoritism
c) Motivated blindness
d) Overvaluing outcomes

b) In-group favoritism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the “slippery slope” bias?
a) Justifying a small unethical act, which gradually leads to bigger unethical acts
b) Ignoring unethical behavior if the outcome is good
c) Failing to see unethical behavior when it is committed by a third party
d) Believing unethical acts are acceptable if they benefit the majority

a) Justifying a small unethical act, which gradually leads to bigger unethical acts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that influences ethical decision-making?
a) Organizational norms and culture
b) Work roles
c) Personal integrity
d) Bureaucracy

c) Personal integrity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary role of formal systems in shaping ethical culture in organizations?
a) To create an environment where employees are afraid to act unethically
b) To ensure employees are rewarded based on performance alone
c) To set clear guidelines and expectations for ethical behavior
d) To remove all ethical dilemmas from the workplace

c) To set clear guidelines and expectations for ethical behavior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is an informal system that influences ethical culture?
a) Policies and codes
b) Performance management systems
c) Role models and heroes
d) Organizational structure

c) Role models and heroes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT a reason why people justify unethical behavior?
a) Denial of responsibility
b) Denial of injury
c) Ethical fading
d) Social weighing

c) Ethical fading

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which socialization process involves pressuring someone to participate in unethical activities after they join a group?
a) Cooptation
b) Incrementalism
c) Compromise
d) Rationalization

a) Cooptation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the concept of “justified neglect” refer to?
a) Ignoring unethical actions because they seem small or insignificant
b) Intentionally avoiding ethical dilemmas
c) Claiming responsibility for unethical actions
d) Encouraging others to act ethically

a) Ignoring unethical actions because they seem small or insignificant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which ethical framework is primarily based on producing the greatest good for the greatest number?
a) Virtue ethics
b) Deontological ethics
c) Utilitarianism
d) Kantian ethics

c) Utilitarianism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following best describes virtue ethics?
a) Ethics is determined by the consequences of an action
b) Ethics is based on individual character and moral virtues
c) Ethics is strictly determined by legal rules
d) Ethics is about following strict duty-based principles

b) Ethics is based on individual character and moral virtues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT a part of ethical decision-making frameworks?
a) Utilitarianism
b) Ethics of principles and rights
c) Cost-benefit analysis
d) Virtue ethics

c) Cost-benefit analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

System 1 thinking is characterized by:
a) Slow, logical reasoning
b) Automatic, fast, and intuitive thinking
c) Careful and deliberate decision-making
d) Complete immunity to biases

b) Automatic, fast, and intuitive thinking

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which bias refers to the tendency to favor people who are similar to us, such as in race, religion, or social background?
a) Overvaluing outcomes
b) In-group favoritism
c) Overclaiming credit
d) Indirect blindness

b) In-group favoritism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which term refers to the tendency to judge people less harshly when unethical behavior is conducted through a third party?
a) Motivated blindness
b) Indirect blindness
c) Slippery slope
d) Overvaluing outcomes

b) Indirect blindness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is “ethical fading”?
a) Ignoring ethical considerations when making decisions
b) The gradual disappearance of ethical concerns due to other priorities
c) Choosing to follow ethical principles no matter the consequences
d) Blindly following an authority figure’s decision

b) The gradual disappearance of ethical concerns due to other priorities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is an example of a formal system that influences ethical culture?
a) Organizational norms
b) Leadership vision and values
c) Role models and heroes
d) Ethical rituals

b) Leadership vision and values

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why might organizations avoid fair decision-making processes? a) Transparency might expose negative aspects of decision-making b) Employees prefer unfair treatment c) Knowledge-sharing weakens decision-makers d) Fairness reduces company profits

a) Transparency might expose negative aspects of decision-making

What is one way to fight back against ethical blind spots? a) Assume you are already ethical enough b) Collect data to understand biases better c) Ignore external feedback d) Make decisions based solely on intuition

b) Collect data to understand biases better

What is a major risk of a weak ethical culture in an organization? a) Employees feel more empowered b) Increased unethical behavior due to lack of strong guidance c) Higher employee loyalty d) More innovation and productivity

b) Increased unethical behavior due to lack of strong guidance

Which of the following statements about System 2 thinking is TRUE? a) It is automatic and fast, requiring no effort b) It is used for logical and analytical decision-making c) It never contains biases d) It cannot override System 1 thinking

b) It is used for logical and analytical decision-making

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive bias? a) A person unconsciously prefers hiring candidates from their own country b) A person refuses to acknowledge negative feedback because it contradicts their beliefs c) A person openly refuses to work with people from a different religion d) A person deliberately misleads others for personal gain

b) A person refuses to acknowledge negative feedback because it contradicts their beliefs

Which bias occurs when people overlook unethical behavior because they have something to gain by ignoring it? a) Overclaiming credit b) Motivated blindness c) Implicit prejudice d) Overvaluing outcomes

b) Motivated blindness

What happens when people gradually become desensitized to unethical behavior, making them more likely to engage in it over time? a) Ethical fading b) Slippery slope c) Overvaluing outcomes d) System 2 thinking

b) Slippery slope

Which bias leads people to give unethical actions a "pass" if the outcome is beneficial? a) In-group favoritism b) Overvaluing outcomes c) Indirect blindness d) Slippery slope

b) Overvaluing outcomes

What does the concept of "overclaiming credit" refer to? a) Taking more responsibility for success than is deserved b) Giving credit to others despite their lack of contribution c) Ignoring ethical considerations in decision-making d) Justifying unethical actions using moral reasoning

a) Taking more responsibility for success than is deserved

Which of the following is a key reason why people do not recognize their own ethical failings? a) They intentionally act unethically without concern b) Their "should" self predicts ethical behavior, but their "want" self takes control at the moment of decision c) They are always fully aware of their biases and make adjustments accordingly d) People have complete control over their ethical decision-making at all times

b) Their "should" self predicts ethical behavior, but their "want" self takes control at the moment of decision

Which term refers to the tendency of people to unconsciously believe stereotypes and prejudices without realizing it? a) Explicit bias b) Implicit bias c) Cognitive dissonance d) Overvaluing outcomes

b) Implicit bias

What is the best way to reduce the impact of ethical blind spots? a) Assume that you are always ethical and ignore potential biases b) Rely solely on personal intuition when making decisions c) Encourage diverse perspectives and collect data to understand biases d) Focus only on maximizing profits in decision-making

c) Encourage diverse perspectives and collect data to understand biases

Which of the following is an example of indirect blindness? a) Ignoring unethical actions of a friend because they helped you in the past b) Hiring someone because they belong to your social group c) Overlooking unethical actions when they are carried out by third parties d) Ignoring small unethical acts that gradually become worse over time

c) Overlooking unethical actions when they are carried out by third parties

Which of the following is an example of "justified neglect" as a rationalization for unethical behavior? a) "My boss told me to do it, so it's not my fault." b) "This is such a small thing, it doesn’t really matter." c) "The person I hurt deserved it anyway." d) "I need to be loyal to my team, so I won’t report this."

b) "This is such a small thing, it doesn’t really matter."

Which of the following is NOT a reason people continue to act unethically despite knowing it's wrong? a) Psychological safety to speak up b) Pressure to meet unrealistic targets c) Conflicting goals that create unfairness d) Lack of positive ethical role models

a) Psychological safety to speak up (It’s actually the opposite—people don’t feel safe to speak up.)

What is one argument used to justify DEI programs? a) DEI programs take away opportunities from deserving individuals b) DEI programs create an unfair advantage for underrepresented groups c) DEI ensures equal rights and opportunities for everyone d) DEI only benefits people from certain backgrounds

c) DEI ensures equal rights and opportunities for everyone

What does Sandeep’s First Law of Ethics state? a) Unethical actions can sometimes be justified b) Each unethical action could have a disproportionately negative reaction c) Ethics are only relevant in professional settings d) Ethical decisions should be based purely on legal guidelines

b) Each unethical action could have a disproportionately negative reaction

Which of the following best describes process fairness? a) Ensuring that everyone benefits equally from the outcome b) Making sure people are assessed using the same standards c) Focusing on maximizing profit in decision-making d) Prioritizing short-term results over long-term fairness

b) Making sure people are assessed using the same standards

Which is NOT a determinant of a fair process? a) Transparency in decision-making b) Equal application of rules and rubrics c) Hiding important decision-making information d) Allowing people to give input into decisions

c) Hiding important decision-making information

Which of the following is a good way to know if an ethical decision was the right one? a) The decision was never questioned by anyone b) It was published in a newspaper, and you feel proud of it c) It benefited you financially d) It was made based on intuition without analysis

b) It was published in a newspaper, and you feel proud of it

Which of the following is NOT one of the four cognitive processes in ethical decision-making? a) Moral awareness b) Moral knowledge c) Moral intent d) Moral action

b) Moral knowledge

Which of the following is an individual factor that affects ethical decision-making? a) Organizational norms b) Company policies c) Personal integrity d) Bureaucracy

c) Personal integrity

Which of the following best describes how an ethical culture can evolve in an organization? a) An ethical culture always remains the same b) An organization can move from unethical to ethical practices c) An organization can only become more unethical over time d) Ethical culture is unrelated to leadership decisions

b) An organization can move from unethical to ethical practices

What are the four cognitive processes individuals use for ethical decision-making?

Recognition, Judgment, Intention, Behavior

What is a situational factor that influences ethical decision-making?

Organizational norms and culture

What is the role of socialization in shaping ethical culture?

It helps employees assimilate into the organization’s ethical norms

What is the most important determinant of an organization’s ethical culture?

Executive leadership

Why is an ethical decision-making process important in organizations?

It helps ensure consistency in ethical considerations across the organization

What is the first step in building a high-performing team?

Building trust

What is a key characteristic of a psychologically safe team?

Team members can express concerns without fear of retaliation

What is an advantage of diverse teams?

They perform better in innovation and problem-solving

What is the common knowledge effect in team discussions?

The tendency to discuss information everyone already knows rather than new information

What is stereotype threat?

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s social group

According to James R. Detert, what is the most effective way to enact positive change in the workplace?

Using small, strategic acts of courage as respected insiders

What is one of the four key behaviors of individuals who successfully challenge unethical practices?

Carefully choosing which battles to fight

Why do employees often hesitate to speak up about ethical concerns?

They fear retaliation or lack confidence in their ability to make a difference

How can employees improve their ability to speak up?

By ensuring they are well-prepared with facts and data

What is an effective strategy for following up after raising an ethical concern?

Ensuring that the concern was addressed and evaluating the outcome

Why do some companies actively discourage employees from speaking up?

They fear potential legal or reputational consequences

What is the best long-term strategy for cultivating workplace courage?

Building a strong internal reputation based on competence and integrity

What are the four cognitive processes individuals use for ethical decision-making?

Recognition, Judgment, Intention, Behavior

What is one challenge individuals face in maintaining ethical decision-making?

Ethical blind spots and ethical fading

How do new employees assimilate into an organization's ethical culture?

Through socialization and internalization

What is the key reason dysfunctional teams struggle with performance?

They experience resource depletion

In the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma, why do individuals often choose betrayal over cooperation?

Betrayal results in better personal rewards regardless of the other person’s decision

What is one key takeaway about trust from industry research?

Trusting actions that are quick and spontaneous are more likely to be reciprocated

What is a major problem with team formation due to natural biases?

People tend to select team members based on similarity and proximity rather than diversity

What is the ‘Common Knowledge Effect’ in team discussions?

The tendency for teams to discuss shared information rather than unique information

What is group polarization?

The tendency for teams to make more extreme decisions than individuals

How does absolute power impact corruption? a) Corruption is limited to individual leaders only b) Power corrupts not just individuals but entire industries c) Companies with power are immune to corruption d) Corruption only affects lower-level employees

b) Power corrupts not just individuals but entire industries

What is a major reason employees hesitate to speak up about unethical practices? a) Fear of retaliation or lack of confidence b) They do not care about ethics in the workplace c) They know the organization will always handle ethical issues d) They believe ethical concerns should only be addressed through social media

a) Fear of retaliation or lack of confidence

What is the most effective strategy for preparing to speak up about an issue? a) Gathering supporting data, framing the concern strategically, and managing emotions b) Confronting leadership aggressively without preparation c) Making impulsive accusations without evidence d) Avoiding discussion of ethical concerns

a) Gathering supporting data, framing the concern strategically, and managing emotions

What is an example of an ‘idiosyncrasy credit’? a) A financial reward for ethical behavior b) A stock of goodwill earned through past competence and conformity c) A penalty for unethical behavior d) A mandatory ethical training program

b) A stock of goodwill earned through past competence and conformity

Why is it important to follow up after raising an ethical concern? a) It ensures the concern was addressed and helps repair relationships b) It is unnecessary since leadership will take care of it c) It shows that employees are persistent in complaining d) It allows an opportunity for retaliation against those who disagreed

a) It ensures the concern was addressed and helps repair relationships

What is a key approach to effectively advocating for ethical change? a) Presenting arguments in an open-ended way that encourages discussion b) Refusing to listen to opposing viewpoints c) Using aggressive tactics to demand change d) Only focusing on personal gain rather than organizational goals

a) Presenting arguments in an open-ended way that encourages discussion

What is the foundational element of high-performing teams? a) Rules and penalties b) Contracts c) Trust built through communication and vulnerability d) Financial incentives

c) Trust built through communication and vulnerability

What is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)? a) Mandatory governmental regulation of corporate taxes b) A voluntary business responsibility to shareholders c) A business’s responsibility to the society surrounding it d) A profit-maximizing strategy

c) A business’s responsibility to the society surrounding it

Which of the following is NOT one of the four pillars of CSR? a) Environmental b) Philanthropic c) Technological d) Ethical

c) Technological

What are the 3Ps of the Triple Bottom Line? a) Price, Policy, People b) Product, Planet, Partnership c) Profit, People, Planet d) Performance, Perception, Purpose

c) Profit, People, Planet

Which is a strategic reason for CSR adoption? a) To pay lower taxes b) To comply with regulations c) To build interdependence with society d) To avoid ethical reasoning

c) To build interdependence with society

What does the “S” in ESG stand for? a) Sustainability b) Strategy c) Social d) Stakeholders

c) Social

How is ESG different from CSR? a) ESG is less formal than CSR b) ESG is a broader measurable framework for sustainable business practices c) CSR is mandatory while ESG is voluntary d) ESG focuses only on philanthropy

b) ESG is a broader measurable framework for sustainable business practices

In the IKEA case, why did they initially terminate their contract with Rangan Exports? a) Because Rangan exported defective products b) Due to a TV expose alleging child labor c) Due to a failed crash test d) Because of financial losses

b) Due to a TV expose alleging child labor

What long-term CSR step did IKEA take after the scandal? a) Withdrew completely from the region b) Appointed a children’s ombudsman and partnered with UNICEF c) Rebranded their logo d) Shifted their business out of Asia

b) Appointed a children’s ombudsman and partnered with UNICEF

What percentage of organizations reportedly do not have a crisis response plan? a) 20% b) 40% c) 65% d) 85%

c) 65%

In the first 24 hours of a crisis, what should companies focus on? a) Finding the root cause b) Assigning blame c) Handling stakeholders and showing values d) Avoiding the media

c) Handling stakeholders and showing values

What is the main goal at the end of a reputational crisis? a) To avoid lawsuits b) To blame responsible parties c) To ensure customer trust is higher than before d) To pay off affected stakeholders

c) To ensure customer trust is higher than before

According to crisis leadership best practices, who should lead the crisis? a) Junior PR team b) Legal counsel c) Senior management d) External consultants

c) Senior management

What is the correct order of steps in crisis response? a) Apologize → Investigate → Communicate b) React emotionally → Wait → Fix c) Take responsibility → Deploy response → Rebuild d) Ignore → Downplay → Move on

c) Take responsibility → Deploy response → Rebuild

What cluster does a crisis fall under if it was caused by factors outside the company’s control? a) Preventable b) Accidental c) Victim d) Strategic

c) Victim

What are the four elements needed to build trust in a crisis? a) Speed, Power, Policy, Planning b) Transparency, Expertise, Commitment, Empathy c) Marketing, Discounts, PR, Sympathy d) Profits, Ethics, Laws, Communication

b) Transparency, Expertise, Commitment, Empathy

n the Mercedes case, which crisis occurred after the A-Class launch? a) Emissions cheating b) Leadership resignation c) The car rolled over in the Moose Test d) A viral boycott over child labor

c) The car rolled over in the Moose Test

What was a key issue with Mercedes’ initial crisis response? a) They ignored the crisis b) They issued no press release c) They failed to act transparently d) They blamed the media

c) They failed to act transparently

ETHICS Flashcards

(97 cards)