ETHICS

Question 1

● A philosophical and practical science.
● Seeks to determine how human actions may be
judged right or wrong.
● Different from morals and morality.

Answer 1

ETHICS

Question 2

Guides one’s judgement concerning
the morality of human acts.

Critical reflections and rational
analysis of morality

Answer 2

ETHICS

Question 2

● Deals with the morality of human conduct
concerning life.
● From conception to death.

Answer 2

BIOETHICS

Question 2

Human conduct in the light of ethics.

What people believed to be right and good.

Answer 2

Morality

Question 3

● Field of applied ethics that is concerned with the
vast array of moral decision-making situations
that arise in the practice of medicine and allied
health disciplines

Answer 3

HEALTH ETHICS

Question 4

Division of ethics that relate to professional
behavior.

Answer 4

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

Question 5

IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH ETHICS

Answer 5

● Provides knowledge of morality of an act.

● Serves as a guiding principle for health care
practitioners in addressing health care issues.

● Gives proper direction and fundamental ways to
live an upright life in the healthcare profession

Question 6

ETHICAL THEORIES

Answer 6

● Deontology
● Teleology/Utilitarianism

Question 7

● Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

● “Deon” - Greek (one must)

● Morality is derived from rationality, not from
experience

Answer 7

DEONTOLOGICAL THEORY

Question 8

1.) applicable in all situations (absolute)
2.) something must be done (obligation)

Answer 8

1.) Categorical
2.) Imperatives

Question 9

A requirement in Kantian deontological theory that
we should act only according to the ______

Answer 9

Maxims

Question 10

CRITICISMS ON DEONTOLOGY (KANT)

Answer 10

● Exceptionless nature – too rigid for real life.

● Morality is not derived from reason alone.

● Disregard of consequences.

Question 11

the most common form of consequence-oriented theory

Answer 11

UTILITARIANISM / TELEOLOGICAL THEORY

Question 11

Fathers of Utilitarianism:

Answer 11

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

John Stuart Mil

Question 12

● “Telos” – Greek (final purpose, consequence of an
action)

● Morality is based on outcome.

● What is right maximized some good.

● Good resides in the promotion of happiness or
pleasure, rather than pain

Answer 12

TELEOLOGICAL THEORY/UTILITARIANISM

Question 13

“the greatest good for the greatest number

Answer 13

Principle of Utility

Question 14

● Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)

● “Arete” – Greek (excellence or virtue)

● Ethics is about agents, not actions nor
consequences.

● From the heart of the moral agent making the
decisions (rather than reasoning to a right decision).

Answer 14

VIRTUE ETHICS

Question 15

● A guiding principle
composed of beliefs
and attitudes taught by
the early environment.

● Subjective and
personal.

Answer 15

Value

Question 16

● Characteristics and
dispositions that are morally
right.

● Universally accepted.

Answer 16

VIRTUE

Question 17

God-loving, person-oriented, and
patriotic nurturers of life

Answer 17

Spirit of faith

Question 18

contribute to the transformation
of our communities and country through excellent
teaching, compassionate holistic healing and
scientific inquiry.

Answer 18

Zeal for service

Question 19

• promotes the well-being
  and welfare of our employees through our policies
  and programs.

Answer 19

Communion in mission

Question 20

stewards of God-given life to
the best of our ability and judgment.

Answer 20

Reverence for life

Question 21

CORE VALUES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE

Answer 21

● Love of God
● Caring as the core of nursing
● Love of people
● Love of country

Question 22

FILIPINO VALUES

Answer 22

● Respect for elders ● Trust in divine providence ● Patience ● Optimism ● Forbearance ● Hospitality ● Respect for womanhood ● Harmonious interpersonal relationships

Question 23

● If virtues are not practiced or guarded it can lead to the development of vices. ● Vices are negative habits or dispositions that are against morality and ethics

Answer 23

VICES

Question 24

A vice is evil either because of ______ or of _____

Answer 24

1.) Excess 2.) Defect

Question 25

● Refers to a fundamental rule of moral law containing certain truth from which knowledge of a definite moral action for performance proceeds along with the provision of solution to specific moral problem or issue

Answer 25

ETHICS PRINCIPE/MORAL PRINCIPLE

Question 26

IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS PRINCIPLES

Answer 26

1. To allow health professionals to determine right and wrong 2. From these principles, the rules found in professional code of ethics were derived.

Question 27

● Greek – autos (self); nomos (governance, rules, law) ● In health care – a form of personal liberty where the individual is free to choose and implement his decisions

Answer 27

AUTONOMY

Question 28

Qualifications needed to exercise autonomy:

Answer 28

○ Capacity to UNDERSTAND the issue and what the situation is all about. ○ Capacity to REASON OUT and give one’s own opinion. ○ Capacity to DELIBERATE by weighing the pros and cons of the issue. ○ Capacity to make an INDEPENDENT CHOICE OR DECISION

Question 29

● Prior to any substantial information or research participation, clients must have full information of:

Answer 29

INFORMED CONSENT (ENLIGHTENED CONSENT)

Question 30

Consent forms are legal documents – ___________ (1st hand evidence) in court cases

Answer 30

PRIMA FACIE

Question 31

Elements of Informed Consent:

Answer 31

○ Competence ○ Voluntariness ○ Disclosure ○ Permission Giving

Question 32

WHAT DOES A NURSE DO WHEN THE PATIENT IS NOT IN HIS RIGHT SENSE WHEN OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT? 1.) Patients in coma, unconscious or incapable of making a decision = 2.) In instances when there are no close relatives and decisions must be made = 3.) Minors = 4.) In certain cultures, a patient even if competent =

Answer 32

1.) Family or Relative 2.) Health Professionals 3.) Parents or Family 4.) Expects and trusts a specific relative to be the consent giver

Question 33

2 FUNCTIONS OF INFORMED CONSENT 1.) to safeguard against tension of integrity. 2.) To be involved in health care decision making

Answer 33

1.) Protective 2.) Participative

Question 34

3 TYPES OF INFORMED CONSENT 1.) for routine procedures (medications, bed bath, physical examination). 2.) for treatments that do not carry significant risks. 3.) for treatments/procedures that are complex and carry a higher risk.

Answer 34

1.) Implied 2.) Verbal 3.) Written

Question 35

1.) means that a person has the right to keep personal information secret 2.) when the health care professional does not disclose to others his/her patient’s personal/private information.

Answer 35

1.) Privacy 2.) Confidentiality

Question 36

Confidentiality can be broken in the following situations:

Answer 36

1. If patient consents 2. For the best interest of the patient 3. For the best interest of the public

Question 37

● Truthfulness and candor ● Patients must tell the truth in order that appropriate care can be provided.

Answer 37

VERACITY

Question 38

Why is veracity necessary in a health professional-patient relationship?

Answer 38

1. The obligation of veracity is based on respect owed to others 2. Veracity has a close connection to obligations of fidelity and promise-keeping.

Question 39

Obligation to act in good faith, keep vows and promises and maintain relationship and fiduciary responsibility.

Answer 39

FIDELITY

Question 40

The contract of relationship a health professional enter into with a patient ● Nurses and physicians become trustees of patient’s health and welfare

Answer 40

FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY

Question 41

● Rendering of what is one’s due ● Evokes fairness, entitlement, what is deserved, due, equitable or appropriate in society determined by norms

Answer 41

JUSTICE

Question 42

● Distributing society’s benefits and burdens to its members ● Problems arise under conditions of scarcity and competition

Answer 42

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

Question 43

● Maximizing strategies to achieve the greatest amount of good or minimizing strategies to reduce amount of potential harm

Answer 43

UTILITARIAN JUSTICE

Question 44

1.) for those whose treatment has the highest probability of medical success 2.) for those who have immediate service to the larger group under circumstances 3.) for those who require proportionally smaller amount of resources, thus, more lives will be saved 4.) for those who have the highest responsibility to dependents 5.) for those believed to have greatest general social worth, thus leading to the good of society

Answer 44

1.) Medical success principle 2.) Principle of immediate usefulness 3.) Principle of conservation 4.) Parental role principle 5.) Principle of general social value

Question 45

● Actions done for the good of others ● Goes hand on hand with benevolence and provenance ● Suggests acts of mercy, kindness, and charity ● A virtue of being inclined to do good and act for the benefit of others

Answer 45

BENEFICENCE

Question 46

Maintaining or restoring the quality of the person in need Conflict of right; paying attention to one would mean violation of other

Answer 46

EGALITARIAN JUSTICE

Question 47

● Not to inflict harm intentionally; prevention of harm and removal of all harmful conditions ● “Hippocratic Oath: I will never use treatment to injure or wrong the sick” ● Florence Nightingale Pledge: “I will abstain from whatever is deleterious or mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug” ● Similar to the duty of beneficence; however different in the following manner

Answer 47

NON MALEFICENCE

Question 47

● Use of aggressive modalities vis-a-vis the financial capabilities of the family ● Being hooked to a respirator, giving third generation antibiotic, hemodialysis or chemotherapy when dying

Answer 47

Extraordinary Measures

Question 48

● Necessities, may be sustained until the time of death ● Food, normal respiration and elimination process, IVF, NGT, IFC

Answer 48

Ordinary Measures

Question 49

1.) Means to end life earlier than its natural schedule 2.) Allowing patients to die by not administering any hastening element

Answer 49

1.) Killing 2.) Letting Go

Question 50

It is morally permissible to do an act with both good and bad effects in the following conditions:

Answer 50

DOUBLE EFFECT

Question 51

1.) Working with another in the performance of an action 2.) With explicit intention and willingness for the evil act 3.) an act other than the evil act itself but facilitates and contributes to its achievement

Answer 51

1.) Legitimate Cooperation 2.) Formal Cooperation 3.) Material Cooperation

Question 52

● Expression of one’s responsibility to take care of, nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to us (all creation) ● Can be personal, social, ecological, biomedical

Answer 52

STEWARDSHIP

Question 52

1.) Direct participation in the performance of an evil act; openly, straightforwardly cooperation in the practice of an evil act 2.) An act that is not intimately connected with the performance of an evil act as informal and direct cooperation but whose effect may have an indirect bearing upon it 3.) Consists of an act that is intimately linked with the performance of an evil action due to its close bearing 4.) consists of an act with a distant bearing upon or connection with the execution of an evil act; may have a lesser accountability or morally excused as the case may be

Answer 52

1.) Direct Cooperation 2.) Indirect Cooperation 3.) Proximate Cooperation 4.) Remote Cooperation

Question 53

Means that what an individual, lower or smaller groups can achieve within his/her capacity should not be taken away and transmitted to the custody and performance of a higher or bigger group and vice versa.

Answer 53

COMMON GOOD AND SUBSIDIARY

Question 53

1.) The existence of parts indicates the existence of the whole 2.) ● Should be connected to the whole of which they are parts (without which they cease to be) ● If it becomes problematic, it affects the whole 3.) ● The whole is greater than any of its parts ● If the sick part serves as a fatal threat to the whole, the whole is a more important than the diseased part

Answer 53

1.) Totality 2.) Part 3.) Whole