Ethics

Question 1

Immoral Act

Answer 1

Act considered to be wrong

Question 2

Amoral Act

Answer 2

Act that shows no understanding of morality

Question 3

Moral act

Answer 3

Act considered to be right

Question 4

Non moral act

Answer 4

Act that doesn’t involve morality

Question 5

Prescriptive ethics

Answer 5

How one ought to act

Question 6

Descriptive ethics

Answer 6

Moral beliefs not actions

Question 7

Teleological

Answer 7

Starting from the end and reasoning back
Explaining things from their end purpose
Consequence to action

Question 8

Deontological

Answer 8

Using rules to distinguish between right and wrong

Question 9

Absolutism

Answer 9

Fixed rules which allow no exception
1 approach to morality

Question 10

Relativism

Answer 10

More flexible
Considers individual situations and exceptions
Believe each situation requires a dif approach to morality

Question 11

What question is virtue ethics focused around?

Answer 11

What sort of person should I be?

Question 12

What is the goal of virtue ethics

Answer 12

Reach eudaimonia

Question 13

Where does virtue ethics believe peoples actions stem from

Answer 13

Person they are - should try to be better to have better actions

Question 14

What is a virtue

Answer 14

Positive characteristic eg kindness

Question 15

Opposite of virtue

Answer 15

Vice eg greed

Question 16

What is a positive of virtue ethics?

Answer 16

Have a goal to strive towards

Question 17

What is the golden ratio

Answer 17

Balance between to much and too little of something
Patience - exploited and snappy

Question 18

How do deontologists avoid the problem of subjectivity?

Answer 18

Seeeing moral rules as absolute and objective
Applies to everyone all the time in every place

Question 19

What is the name of Kant’s moral theory

Answer 19

The categorical imperative

Question 20

Categorical meaning

Answer 20

Absolute

Question 21

Imperative meaning

Answer 21

Obligation

Question 22

What is part 1 of Kant’s moral law

Answer 22

Universal Law
What would happen if everyone did my actions?

If ev threw their wrapper on the ground… I shouldn’t throw my wrapper on the ground
If ev lied …. I should tell the truth

Question 23

What is part 2 of Kant’s moral law

Answer 23

Treat humans as ends in themselves

People are valuable due to their inherent worth and ability to think choose and reason, not to help you achieve your goals

Therefore they should all be respected for having their own worth and not used as tools

Question 24

Instrumental value

Answer 24

Value comes from ability to help achieve something

Washing machine = to wash clothes

Question 25

Intrinsic value

Answer 25

Value from itself, for its own sake Not to help others Humans = rational and moral not valuable because they can do things for others, valuable in itself

Question 26

Apply Kant to Murderer at the door

Answer 26

-never tell lies -Tell Murderer the truth -action is still moral

Question 27

What is a modern Kantian’s resolution for the murderer at the door?

Answer 27

“You do not need to tell the truth to someone who is lying Easy to universalise Murderer says I’m not here to harm…

Question 28

What did Aquinas argue humans tried to do

Answer 28

Good and avoid evil

Question 29

What was Aquinas’s Natural Law based off of?

Answer 29

Teachings of the church Bible Reason

Question 30

What type of ethical philosopher was Aquinas

Answer 30

Deontologist

Question 31

What did Aquinas compare moral laws to

Answer 31

Laws of nature, universal Gravity

Question 32

What did Aquinas believe everything had

Answer 32

Telos - purpose

Question 33

Definition of Aquinas’s primary precepts

Answer 33

Telos of humans

Question 34

List Aquinas’s primary precepts

Answer 34

Preservation of innocent, self preservation (Live in) ordered society Worship God Educate children Reproduction, continuation of the species POWER

Question 35

How do people use the primary precepts for morality?

Answer 35

Derive secondary precepts off of the primary Reproduction - no contraception, heterosexuality, no abortion

Question 36

What were Aquinas’s views on a Double effect

Answer 36

Morally acceptable if: Action itself = good Intend only good effect Good effect is not dependent on bad effect Good > Bad impact

Question 37

Name of Jeremy Bentham’s ethical school

Answer 37

Utilitarianism

Question 38

What is utilitarianism based off of

Answer 38

Greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people

Question 39

Is utilitarianism deontological or teleological

Answer 39

Teleological

Question 40

Is utilitarianism absolutist or relativist

Answer 40

Relativist

Question 41

What are the 7 criteria of Jeremy Bentham’s Hedonic Calculus

Answer 41

Intensity - how intense Duration - how long feeling lasts Certainty - how likely is the effect Proximity - how soon will the p/p be experienced Fecundity - how likely is it that the impact will lead to more of the impact Purity - how likely is it that the action will lead to mixed consequences Extent - his many people are affected

Question 42

What would Bentham’s answer to the trolley problem be

Answer 42

Save 5 5 people happy and alive, 1 dead

Question 43

What is the main criticism of utilitarianism

Answer 43

Multiple sadistic guards taking pleasure from torturing one innocent prisoner

Question 44

What is JS Mill’s Quality issue

Answer 44

“Better Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied” Humans will always have more to give than pigs, levels of satisfaction varied

Question 45

What are the two forms of happiness and explain

Answer 45

Higher pleasures Effects last a long time Promote more happiness Typically intellectual Studying Lower pleasures Pure happiness Temporary but still significant Linked to the body typically Sports, food

Question 46

What is the Harm principle and how does it combat the Sadistic guard

Answer 46

People can do things that bring them pleasure without harming others (homosexuality) Sadistic guard takes pleasure from harming= immoral