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Ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of Situation Ethics?

A

Doesn’t provide straightforward answers
Barclay says humans need rules/laws to keep order

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2
Q

What are Fletcher’s 4 scenarios?

A

Patriotic prostitution
Justifiable mass killing
Sacrificial suicide
Sacrificial adultery

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of Fletcher’s presuppositions

A

Love is the only norm
Love and justice are the same
Love wills the neighbour’s good

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4
Q

Who said ‘humans are condemned to be free’?

A

Jean-Paul Sartre

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5
Q

What are secondary precepts?

A

Rules based on primary precepts (NML)

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6
Q

Who came up with proportionalism?
What’s the general idea of proportionalism?

A

Hoose and McCormick

Follow deontological rules (NML), only break them if there is a PROPORTIONAL reason to do so

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7
Q

What is Aquinas’ book called?

A

Summa Theologica

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8
Q

Fill in the blank:
One strength of NML is that Aristotle argued there are “immortal ______”.

A

Laws

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9
Q

Name the 4 considerations of D.O.D.E

A

Intention
Proportionality
Means-end
Nature of act

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10
Q

What was the name of Aristotle’s book?

A

Nicomachean Ethics

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11
Q

What are the 4 cardinal virtues?

A

Fortitude
Justice
Temperance
Prudence

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12
Q

Which branch of cognitive metaethics does NML fall under?

A

Ethical naturalism

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13
Q

Which branch of cognitive metaethics does Intuitionism fall under?

A

Ethical non-naturalism

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14
Q

Which branch of cognitive metaethics does Situation Ethics fall under?

A

Ethical naturalism

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15
Q

Which branch of cognitive metaethics does Virtue Ethics fall under?

A

Ethical naturalism

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16
Q

Which branch of cognitive metaethics does Divine Command Theory fall under?

A

Ethical non-naturalism

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17
Q

Which branch of cognitive metaethics does Utilitarianism fall under?

A

Ethical naturalism

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18
Q

What are Aristotle’s 4 types of people?

A

Phronimos - person who naturally lives within the mean and is practically wise

Sophron - person who lives naturally in the mean, can balance vices with effort and does not feel temptation, difficult and only a few people can do so
Enkrate - person who is tempted by vices but has strong enough willpower to overcome this and stay balanced in the mean
Akrate - people who are not strong enough to overcome temptation and give into vices

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19
Q

Finish Aristotle’s quote:
“Excellence is not an action but a _____.”

20
Q

What are the 3 points of Kant’s Categorical Imperative?

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A
  1. Universalisability
  2. The Practical Imperative
  3. Kingdom of Ends
21
Q

Which of Kant’s quotes explains the practical imperative?

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A

“Treat humanity never merely as a means but always at the same time as an ends.”

22
Q

What is the theological end of Kantian ethics?

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A

Summum bonum (highest good)

23
Q

What are Kant’s 3 postulates of practical reason?

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A

God, freedom and immortality

24
Q

What is a weakness of Kant’s universalisability?
Who felt this way in particular?

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A

Can be seen as cruel not to allow individuals to follow their individual desires e.g. not having the option to commit suicide

Hare says we should have empathy and try to imagine ourselves in the place of others. He also argues that in general not following universal law will benefit you as a person

25
How is Mill connected to Bentham?
While Bentham came up with act utilitarianism, Mill developed this to be rule utilitarianism. Mill is the godson of Bentham
26
What is the principle of utility?
Creating the greatest pleasure for the greatest number
27
What is RULE utilitarianism?
While Bentham’s act utilitarianism suggests a person may break any law is greater pleasure is the result, Mill suggests moral rules should be followed, except when these rules conflict. If rules conflict, then we should always try to follow the greatest happiness principle
28
What do Bentham and Mill believe about qualifying pleasures?
While Bentham said all pleasures are equal, Mill argued some pleasures are ‘higher and intellectual’ and some are ‘lower and bodily pleasures’
29
Bentham is a hedonist. What does this mean? Which of Bentham’s quotes demonstrates his hedonism?
Hedone is Greek for pleasure. Bentham believed we are motivated only by pleasure and pain “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.”
30
What is the hedonic calculus?
Bentham’s system for measuring how good or bad a consequence is - a philosophical calculator for how good an action is for the majority of
31
What are the 7 factors of the hedonic calculus?
(…of pleasure): Intensity Duration Certainty or uncertainty Propinquity (immediacy) Fecundity (will it be followed by more pleasure) Purity (chance of it not being followed by pain) Extent (number of persons affected)
32
Define sola fide
Our faith is enough to be moral (Protestant belief)
33
Define sola scriptura
God’s commands are solely found in scripture (Protestant belief)
34
Why does utilitarianism fall under ethical naturalism?
It is based on the idea that by observing the natural world, we can deduce the correct moral order
35
What is Miyamoto’s quote rejecting Divine Command Theory? What weakness of the theory does this relate to?
“I respect deities, I do not rely upon them.” Weakness of DCT = Takes away human autonomy
36
State the quotes given by Brunner and John Calvin to explain the basis of DCT
Brunner: “Good consists in always doing what God wills.” John Calvin: “The will of God is the supreme rule of righteousness.”
37
What did Barth believe about DCT?
Barth believed following God’s commands is how you find answers to all ethical questions He said that “good and evil has been decided and settled once and for all in the decree of God by the cross and the resurrection of Jesus Christ.”
38
Give 3 strengths of DCT
Theists believe it leads to rewards in heaven Objectivity: not up to individuals (only to God) Unlike humans, God has no weaknesses of flaws in judgement and is omniscient Universal deontological laws
39
Give 3 weaknesses of DCT
Not applicable for agnostics or atheists and suggests it is not possible for these groups to be moral The Bible contains immoral commands e.g. Leviticus 20:13 commanding that gay men should be put to death The Bible can be unclear and interpreted differently by different groups Takes away human autonomy The Euthyphro Dilema
40
What is the Euthyphro Dilema? Who came up with it? How does it act as a weakness to DCT?
The Euthyphro Dilema is a logical problem devised by Plato. It is often expressed through the question ‘is conduct right because God commands it, or does God command it because it is right?’ If you accept the first then God loses moral goodness. If you accept the second then God loses omnipotence. Either option means morality cannot depend on God, rendering DCT irrelevant
41
What solutions could be suggested to the Euthyphro Dilema?
William Ockham’s ‘bite the bullet approach’: adopting the first option (that conduct is simply right because God commands it) and therefore arguing that even if God commands murder of genocide it must be obeyed God and goodness are simply identical It is the texts and not God that is corrupt
42
What is “Living Tradition”? Which denomination believe in this concept? How does this link to DCT?
“Living Tradition” is a **Catholic** concept which suggests that the Bible can be interpreted differently over time to make it more relevant to modern society. This increases the role of humans in DCT, therefore you may cease to follow God’s command and simply be following a tenuously linked man-made code
43
Give 3 weaknesses of Intuitionism
Doesn't really explain HOW to come to a conclusion You could justify anything by saying it’s what you intuition dictated Intuition changes with time and societies e.g. slavery Intuition is subjective so there’s lots of disagreement
44
Give 2 strengths of Intuitionism
Flexible and universal Situation based Allows for individual autonomy
45
List Ross’ Prima Facie duties in Intuitionism
Ross’ Prima Facie duties: 1. Keep our promises 2. Be responsible for the harm we do to others 3. Not injure others 4. Return favours and services given to us by others 5. No harming innocent people 6. Look after parents
46
Who said “man is condemned to be free”?
Jean Paul Sartre

Religious Studies (6 decks)

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