Ethics to

Question 1

difference type of ethics?

Answer 1

consequentialism
virtue ethics
deontology

Question 2

what are the ground for confidentiality in medical practice?

Answer 2

respect for patient autonomy
implied promise
virtue ethics
consequentialism

Question 3

what are the common law justification for breaking confidentiality?

Answer 3

• with the patient’s consent
• unable to seek the patient’s consent but in the patient’s best interests
• in the public interests

Question 4

example of situations where confidentiality may be broken?

Answer 4

in the public interest
risk of harm to patient or others
driving against medical advice
crime
HIV/AIDS

Question 5

what are the different ways to measure pain?

Answer 5

physiological (e.g. increase in HR, BP, respiration, muscle tension)
self-report (interview, pain rating, verbal rating, questionnaires)
behavioural (observing behaviour)

Question 6

different methods of pain alleviation?

Answer 6

BIOFEEDBACK
RELAXATION
DISTRACTION
COGNITIVE METHODS (help people change perception of and reactions to pain)
BEHAVIOUR THERAPY ( changing patients behaviour towards their pain, reinforcement of positive behaviour)
HYPNOSIS (relieves pain only in individuals who can successfully undergo hypnosis. Least effective of techniques )

Question 7

Different types of pain?

Answer 7

ACUTE
CHRONIC (recurrent acute- episode separate by periods without pain, intractable benign- never disappears, progressive)

Question 8

difference theories of pain?

Answer 8

pattern
specificity
the gate control theory

Question 9

what is the gate control theory? and what is it influenced by?

Answer 9

nerve endings in damaged area transmit impulses to the spinal cord
a “gate” exists in spinal cord (the neural gate)
- open to let the pain signal through
- close to reduce pain experience
gate mechanisms processes the incoming pain signals before they reach the brain

INFLUENCES
Activity in pain fibres (more activity –> gate opens –> more pain
Activity in peripheral fibres
Messages descending from brain (effects anxiety/excitement)

Question 10

what are the attraction of the gate control theory?

Answer 10

Explains why the same event can be interpreted by different people as more or less painful
Explains why sometimes pain is not experienced immediately
Describes the individual as having some control over the experience of pain