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3. English Language > Ethnicity Theory > Flashcards

Ethnicity Theory Flashcards

Paper 2 Section A Revision

1
Q

Ethnicity refers to one’s family _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, linking one historically and culturally to places where one’s antecedents lived.

A

heritage

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2
Q

Pidgins and creoles are languages that draw their lexis largely from one language, but 3 things from several others. What are those 3 things?

A

Syntax, grammar and phonology

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3
Q

Many Pidgins and Creoles are based on European languages in areas that have been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by European nations.

A

Colonised

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4
Q

Communities start by creating a pidgin, which many people speak but which isn’t any community’s _ _ _ _ _ language.

A

First

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5
Q

If a pidgin survives, what does it become?

A

A creole

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6
Q

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often provides the right conditions for the development of a pidgin.

A

Colonisation

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7
Q

If two speech communities meet and their need to communicate lasts long enough for it to be worthwhile, usually one of the languages will become _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and will be used by both communities.

A

Dominant

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8
Q

A creole is the first, second or third language of a community?

A

First

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9
Q

A pidgin is a language that has grown up between communities that do not have a mutually _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ language.

A

intelligible

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10
Q

What does intelligible mean?

A

Easily understood?

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11
Q

Pidgins most often serve the function of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or trading language

A

Lingua franca

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12
Q

A lingua franca is most usually concerned with what?

A

Routine communication between different communities e.g. buying and selling

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13
Q

What does ‘my shackup’ mean in Bamboo English?

A

Unmarried exclusive sexual partner

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14
Q

What does ‘cut a chogy’ mean in Bamboo English?

A

Leave, go away

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15
Q

What does ‘boonies’ mean in Bamboo English?

A

The remote countryside

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16
Q

Much of the lexis in Bamboo English was concerned with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ items with which the soldiers were not provided by the army; for example drugs and prostitution.

A

illicit

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17
Q

Bamboo English is an English-based pidgin that grew up in which country in the 1960s?

A

South East Asia

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18
Q

A pidgin isn’t anyone’s _ _ __ _ _ language.

A

first

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19
Q

Once the pidgin is used as a speech communities first language, what does it become?

A

A creole

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20
Q

It was the policy of the colonial government to divide _ _ _ _ _ _ communities

A

Speech

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21
Q

The slaves developed pidgin languages in order to c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with each other.

A

Communicate

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22
Q

The _ _ _ _ _ of these languages tended to be drawn from English because it was the only language that they had in common.

A

lexis

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23
Q

The grammar and phonology was often drawn from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the original African languages of the workers.

A

English

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24
Q

Jamaican creole is also known as which other names?

A

Patwa or Patois

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25
Q

What is the first language of most people in Jamaica?

A

Patwa or Patois

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26
Q

The p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ available in a pidgin have to be present in all of the speakers’ original languages.

A

Phonemes

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27
Q

What does ‘kraikrai’ mean in Kamtok?

A

Cry continuously

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28
Q

What term would we use for ‘kraikrai’?

A

Reduplication

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29
Q

In Kamtok, they would say ‘Di tu big pepa’ instead of ‘the two big newspaper’. What is this an example of?

A

Not marking plural nouns

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30
Q

Creolised and Pidginised Englishes tend not to distinguish between g _ _ _ _ _ _ in either nouns or pronouns

A

Genders

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31
Q

How long have most Creoles been in contact with Standard English for?

A

Up to three hundred years

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32
Q

What is the prestige form in Jamaica?

A

Standard English

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33
Q

Because Standard English is the most prestige form in Jamaica, it means that, over time, Patwa is becoming increasingly like Standard English. What do we call this process?

A

Decreolisation

34
Q

A young Jamaican schoolboy may speak reasonably Standard English in school and then adopt Creole features as they grow older. This shows that speakers adopt a position on the continuum according to what?

A

Context

35
Q

From the late 1940s, which people began to move to the UK, many speaking a language on the Creole continuum?

A

Caribbean people

36
Q

Which variety decreolised and their children’s language decreolised further, after living in Britain for some time?

A

Black British English

37
Q

‘I’m goinng home, innit’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Universal tag question

38
Q

‘She eat apples’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Omission of the +s inflection from third person singular verbs in the present tense

39
Q

‘Two apple’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Unmarked plural noun

40
Q

‘He good’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Omission of the copular verb ‘to be’ in sentences with complement phrases

41
Q

From the 1960s, contact between Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighbours in school, at work and socially, lead to what?

A

‘Crossing’

42
Q

What does the term ‘crossing’ mean?

A

This is when Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighoburs are exposed to both Jamaican English and Cockney and style shift between the two varieties.

43
Q

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) began to gain which type of prestige?

A

Covert Prestige

44
Q

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) was beginning to be used by which other people?

A

Some white and Asian people who didn’t have a black peer group

45
Q

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and _ _ _ _ to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

A

good

46
Q

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

A

Assertiveness

47
Q

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

A

Competence

48
Q

Multicultural Urban English (MUE) also known as Multicultural London English, is a variety of English that combines elements of what?

A

Creole, Standard British English and influences from many other languages.

49
Q

What does MUE stand for?

A

Multicultural Urban English

50
Q

MUE is associated with Black British speakers but is used by?

A

A much wider demographic.

51
Q

MUE varies from region to region with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties in Manchester, Birmingham and Bristol.

A

Different

52
Q

MUE is strongly associated with which people?

A

Younger people

53
Q

MUE is different from other regional varieties as it doesn’t have u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ characteristics shared by its speakers

A

Uniform

54
Q

MUE has a _ _ _ _ of characteristics from which speakers draw a number depending on age, ethnicity, region and identity.

A

Pool

55
Q

The specific features _ _ _ _ _ from place to place with MUE speakers in East London using some features more typically than MUE speakers in South London or in Luton or Nottingham.

A

Shift

56
Q

The local _ _ _ _ _ _ population has an impact on the features used in MUE.

A

Ethnic

57
Q

What does ‘bare’ mean in MUE?

A

Many (adjective) Very (adverb)

58
Q

What does ‘beef’ mean in MUE?

A

Disagreement or conflict (noun)

59
Q

What does ‘choong’ mean in MUE?

A

Attractive (adjective)

60
Q

What does ‘ting’ mean in MUE?

A

Thing (noun) Girlfriend (noun)

61
Q

What does ‘endz’ mean in MUE?

A

Neighbourhood (noun)

62
Q

Is MUE h-dropping or non h-dropping?

A

Non h-dropping

63
Q

One grammatical feature of MUE is when they say ‘mandem’ - What term can we use for this?

A

Dem as a plural marker

64
Q

How would a speaker of MUE say ‘ask’?

A

a:ks

65
Q

How would a speaker of MUE say ‘price’?

A

pra:s

66
Q

Man went to Hackney’ ‘Dem man gone’ ‘Us man leaving’ are all examples of what from MUE?

A

‘Man’ as a pronoun.

67
Q

In MUE, the following sentence is common: ‘The woman who be in the office’ - What can you say about the verb ‘be’

A

Copular ‘Be’ used consistently before complements

68
Q

What is Code Mixing?

A

Occasionally inserting words or phrases from one language into another.

69
Q

What is Code Switching?

A

Moving from one language into another for a longer period.

70
Q

Code switching and mixing can also be a way of signalling a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with an interlocutor

A

Relationship

71
Q

Which theorist argued that often, of the two languages used, one is a ‘we code’ and one is a ‘they code.’

A

Gupertz

72
Q

‘We code’, outlined by Gupertz, is when speakers of a minority language use one language to acknowledge their _ _ _ _ _ _ heritage with others

A

Shared

73
Q

Which theory suggests that speakers move between codes depending on where and to whom they are speaking?

A

Domain theory

74
Q

In which domain, might a British Punjabi Muslim speak Arabic?

A

At Mosque

75
Q

In which domain, might a British Punjabi Muslim speak English?

A

In school

76
Q

In which domain, might a British Punjabi Muslim speak Punjabi?

A

At home

77
Q

In which domain might a British Ashkenazi Jew speak Yiddish?

A

Home

78
Q

In which domain might a British Ashkenazi Jew speak English?

A

At School

79
Q

In which domain might a British Ashkenazi Jew speak Hebrew?

A

Synagogue

80
Q

In which domain might an MUE speaker use Standard English?

A

In School

3. English Language (9 decks)

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