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Etika Review Flash Card

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1
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

The ability to objectively assess information, arguments, and evidence to arrive at sound judgments.

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2
Q

Define egocentrism.

A

The tendency for individuals to view their own opinions, beliefs, or convictions as the only valid basis for determining the truth of a statement.

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3
Q

What is sociocentrism?

A

When a community or social group imposes its worldview on others, expecting adherence to promote the group’s interests.

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4
Q

List the key components of critical thinking.

A
  • Analysis
  • Evaluation
  • Inference
  • Explanation
  • Self-Regulation
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5
Q

What is ethical decision-making?

A

Evaluating and choosing options that align with ethical principles.

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6
Q

What does respect for autonomy mean?

A

Valuing individuals’ rights to make informed choices about their lives.

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7
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Aiming to promote the well-being of others and minimize harm.

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8
Q

What is justice in ethical decision-making?

A

Ensuring fairness in how benefits and burdens are distributed.

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9
Q

Define accountability in the context of ethics.

A

Taking responsibility for one’s actions and their outcomes.

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10
Q

What are the common frameworks for analyzing ethical arguments?

A
  • Consequentialism
  • Deontology
  • Virtue Ethics
  • Care Ethics
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11
Q

What is the appeal to emotion logical fallacy?

A

Using emotional manipulation to persuade rather than presenting rational arguments.

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12
Q

Define confirmation bias.

A

The tendency to seek out information that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

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13
Q

What is political sociology?

A

The study of processes involved in determining and implementing public goals and the use of power by members concerned.

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14
Q

What is power in political sociology?

A

The capacity to take independent action in the face of resistance from persons, groups, or rules.

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15
Q

Who described power as sovereignty?

A

John Austin.

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16
Q

What is authority?

A

Institutionalized power or legitimate power.

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17
Q

List factors determining the legitimacy of power.

A
  • Consent
  • Justification
  • Institutionalization
  • Effectiveness
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18
Q

What is ethical relativism?

A

The belief that there are no universal standards for right and wrong; what is considered right in one society may be wrong in another.

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19
Q

What does utilitarianism emphasize?

A

The greatest good for the majority.

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20
Q

Define workplace ethics.

A

The moral principles that govern professional behavior, ensuring fairness, integrity, and respect among employees and employers.

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21
Q

What is the self?

A

A combination of beliefs, values, personality, and experiences that evolves over time.

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22
Q

What are the two main influences on self-formation?

A
  • Nature (genetic and biological influences)
  • Nurture (environmental, cultural, and social influences)
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23
Q

What are the three main components of self-concept according to Carl Rogers?

A
  • Self-Image
  • Self-Esteem
  • Ideal Self
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24
Q

What is the focus of Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

A

The division of personality into id, ego, and superego.

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25
What does George Herbert Mead's Social Self Theory emphasize?
The role of social interaction in developing the self.
26
What is the difference between the 'I' and 'Me' in Mead's theory?
'I' is the spontaneous, individual self; 'Me' is the socialized self shaped by others' expectations.
27
What is the significance of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
It describes self-concept development across eight life stages, each involving a key conflict.
28
Define transformation of the self.
A deep and often gradual process of personal growth, change, and self-discovery.
29
What are the Psychological Factors influencing self-transformation?
Experiences, emotions, self-awareness ## Footnote Psychological factors play a crucial role in personal growth and change.
30
What are the Social Factors that affect self-transformation?
Family, culture, education, peer influence ## Footnote Social factors can significantly shape an individual's beliefs and behaviors.
31
What are the Environmental Factors impacting self-transformation?
Surroundings, media, and technology ## Footnote Environmental factors can provide both challenges and support for personal growth.
32
Define Transformation of the Self.
A deep and often gradual process of personal growth, change, and self-discovery.
33
What is a Growth Mindset?
Embracing challenges and learning from failures.
34
What does Self-Awareness involve?
Recognizing strengths, weaknesses, and motivations.
35
List the challenges in Self-Transformation.
* Fear of change * Societal expectations * Self-doubt and insecurity * External pressures
36
How can one embrace self-transformation?
* Be open to learning * Develop resilience * Reflect on experiences * Set personal goals
37
What is Secular Ethics?
A branch of moral philosophy based solely on human faculties, not derived from supernatural beliefs.
38
What is the Tirukkuṟaḷ?
A classic Tamil text on morality, consisting of 1,330 couplets divided into three books.
39
What are the three books of the Tirukkuṟaḷ focused on?
* Virtue (aram) * Wealth (porul) * Love (inbam)
40
What is the Golden Rule?
The principle of treating others as one would want to be treated.
41
What does Humanism emphasize?
The value and dignity of human life, advocating for a compassionate and rational approach.
42
What is the Greatest Happiness Principle?
Actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
43
Who first proposed Utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham in 1789.
44
What is Contractarian ethics?
A moral philosophy based on a hypothetical agreement among individuals.
45
Who described the state of nature as 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'?
Thomas Hobbes.
46
What are the key features of Contractarian ethics?
* Social contract * Mutual benefit * Reciprocity * Rational self-interest
47
What does Virtue Ethics focus on?
The development of good character traits as the foundation for ethical decision-making.
48
According to Aristotle, what is virtue?
A mean between excess and deficiency.
49
What is Deontological ethics?
A moral philosophy emphasizing the importance of following rules and obligations, regardless of consequences.
50
What does the Categorical Imperative state?
Act only according to maxims that could be willed as universal laws.
51
What are the key components of Religion?
* Beliefs * Rituals and practices * Community * Morality and ethics
52
What are the four types of Religion?
* Monotheistic * Polytheistic * Non-theistic * Indigenous
53
What role does Ethical Religion play?
Promotes moral values, guides human behavior, and fosters community and social responsibility.
54
How does Ethical Religion encourage empathy and compassion?
By promoting kindness and understanding towards others.
55
What is the concept of 'muhasaba' in Islam?
Self-reflection to foster personal growth and self-awareness.
56
What is the Jewish concept of 'kashrut'?
Dietary laws that set boundaries and expectations for food.
57
What does the Hindu concept of 'karma' encourage?
Responsibility for one's actions and their consequences.
58
What does stewardship mean in Christianity?
Using talents and resources to serve God and others.
59
What is a key aspect of ethical religion relating to individual actions?
Provides a sense of responsibility for their actions, as they believe that their actions will have consequences in this life or the next.
60
How does ethical religion provide individuals with a sense of purpose?
Guides their actions and decisions towards a higher goal.
61
What is an example of how ethical religion encourages a sense of purpose?
The Christian concept of 'stewardship' encourages Christians to use their talents and resources to serve God and others.
62
What role does ethical religion play in community building?
Brings people together, creating a sense of community and shared values.
63
Give an example of a practice that fosters community in ethical religion.
The Sikh practice of 'langar' (community kitchen) brings Sikhs together to share meals and serve others.
64
What does ethical religion promote in terms of social justice?
Encourages individuals to work towards creating a more just and equitable society.
65
What is an example of a social justice principle in Catholicism?
The Catholic concept of 'option for the poor' encourages Catholics to prioritize the needs of the marginalized and vulnerable.
66
What does ethical religion foster among different faiths?
Promotes interfaith dialogue, understanding, respect, and cooperation.
67
What is the definition of ethics?
Decisions about right and wrong.
68
What do ethics investigate?
Questions such as 'What is good and what is bad?' and 'What action should an individual or organization take?'
69
How are ethics described in relation to religious beliefs?
Universal tools for making decisions that people of all religious backgrounds, even atheists, can employ.
70
What is the primary sacred text of Christianity?
The Holy Bible.
71
What are the two main parts of the Bible?
* Old Testament * New Testament
72
What is the Golden Rule according to Christianity?
'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you' (Matthew 7:12).
73
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
* Declaration of faith * Prayer * Charity * Fasting * Pilgrimage
74
What principle does Ahimsa represent in Hinduism?
Principle of non-violence and non-harming.
75
What is the significance of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
Understanding the nature of suffering and the path to enlightenment.
76
What are the three parts of the Tanakh in Judaism?
* Torah (Pentateuch) * Nevi'im (Prophets) * Ketuvim (Writings)
77
What does Wu Wei mean in Taoism?
Non-action or effortless action.
78
What does Divine Command Theory propose?
What is moral is determined by what God commands.
79
What does Natural Law Theory argue?
Morality is derived from the nature of the universe and human beings.
80
What is the focus of Virtue Ethics?
Development of moral character rather than adherence to rules or consequences.
81
What challenges are encountered in applying religious ethics?
* Disagreement on what is right and wrong * Conflicts with other aspects of life * Vulnerability of persecuted religions
82
What role does religion play in modern society?
Provides a system of beliefs, practices, and values that guide behavior and decision-making.
83
What factors shape moral values among youths?
* Family * Education * Religion * Culture
84
How does religion influence culture?
Plays a significant role in shaping human history and culture, influencing art, literature, music, and philosophy.

Ethics (1 decks)

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