Etruscans Flashcards
Learning more about the Etruscans Population (41 cards)
Fossils of Vitis Vinifera found in
Quaternary period
Vine cultivated in Italy prior 1000 BC by indigenous populations like:
Rhaeti Salassi Liguri Veneti Piceni Samnites
Etruscans populations prior 8 century develop in the modern areas of
Tuscany and Umbria
Peak of Etruscans 6 century BC
Occupied
Central Italy
Northern Italy along Po River (Lombardia, Veneto, Pie e Emilia Romagna)
Etruscans taughts local tribes :
Wine Making and preserve method
Etruscans learned the viticulture and wine making from
Greeks . But studies are saying that they develop by themslves
What is a PALMENTO
Large container with brik walls used for centuries. This makes hard to identifies who started the wine making.
Etruscans were
The firs population to:
- take the vine from the woods and cultivated it, with the vine growing system married to a tree. They develop a form of AUTONOMOUS viticulture, which became part of the Italian agricultural landscape for millennia and is considered a cultural frontier.
They also enrich their viticulture thanks to Phoenicians and Greeks
Vine
<p>Some thesis says that Vine started in Caucasus and then moved to Midlle East and Mditerrean area. Recent studies are saying that vine and wine has taken places in different areas independlty.</p>
3 populations whcih influence:
Greeks: Southern Italy and Mediterrean France
Etruscans: Central and Northern Italy, including Rome and Northern Campania
Romans: developed Central Europe, brining the vine where had never seen it before
PHASE 1: PRe Domestication
- ancestors gathered wild grapes (vitis vinifera sylvestris) in the woods
- there have been find seed since the Neolithic and maybe Paleolithic.
- at this stage not sign of vinification
- wild vine can still be find in the woods
- second Millennium BC (Bronze Age) the beginning of the viticlutre (phase of the lambruscaia)(period between spontaneous harvesting and agricultural form)
- Embrionyc viticulture that led to Para domestication
- Period where man became from passive to active (taking care of the vine)
- Vines become more abundance and available as it is protected. Probably in this period we have already a selection of the most pleasant on taste or more resistant
- We do not know the ancient name of the Etruscan Vines but we know that the Villanovian people (which Etruscans will develop in the 9 century BC) - Lambruscaia
- Lambruscaia from Labrusca (wild)
- do not confuse this with the vitis labrusca from America.
- Labrusca appear in written document by Virgil (1st Century BC)
- this term have been used till recent time to talk about the wild vines of the central part of Italy.
- names that recall some modern varieties like Lambrusco o Aprinio (Raverusto di Capua)
Virgilio ( first appearance of the word labrusca) - 42 -39 BC in the V Eclogue
The first appearance of the word labrusca, to indicate the wild vine, is in the V Eclogue (42-39 BC)by Virgil: “Aspice, ut antrum silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis“. ” Look, as the wild vine has covered the cave with rare bunches”. The reference is also present in one of his less known juvenile works, the Culex (Mosquito), where he describes a wild vine that is eaten by goats, climbing on the rocks. Here, however, he uses the term indicating the fruit (labruscum), the wild grape: “… pendula proiectis carpuntur et arbuta ramis, densaque virgultis avide labrusca petuntur“. Servius (4th-5th century AD), who wrote explanatory comments on Virgil’s work, tells us: “Labrusca = vitis agrestis, quae quia in terrae marginibus nascitur, labrusca dicta est a labri set extremitatibus terrae“, That is “Labrusca = rural vine that is born in the lands on the margins, labrusca is called that is at the out of the cultivated lands“
Bronze Age
Palmenti to crush the grapes (Etruscans and Roman production)
Pennato
Old utensil used in primordial viticulture (type of billhook)
Numana
New era for the vine, where leaves the wild and start entering the human settlements. this is when Etruscan Viticultre was born. In this perdio the vine was cultivated married with other trees. Wine grower work becomes complete including the instalment of the vine and the renewal. Period also of intensive selective pressure, the ancient winegrowers choose to plant and propagate the best vines, the hermaphrodite ones (I remember that the wild vine is instead predominantly dioic, with separate sexes), the most productive or the earliest one, those most resistant to weather or disease, etc. This is the proto-domestication.)
Etruria
Etruria (/ɪˈtrʊəriə/; usually referred to in Greek source texts as Tyrrhenia, Ancient Greek: Τυρρηνία) was a region of Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what are now Tuscany, Lazio, and Umbria.Etruria. / (ɪˈtrʊərɪə) / noun. an ancient country of central Italy, between the Rivers Arno and Tiber, roughly corresponding to present-day Tuscany and part of Umbria.
Hydia
water amphora. with representation of vines harvested by dionysium
Who brought vines in Italy
Greeks and Etruscans
Why so many varieties in Italy?
Vines brought from overseas from Greeks and Etruscans , grafted and cored with local varieties. Immense process of genetic plts. THIS REPRESNT the vine domestication.
Word Vinum arrives from temetum (meaning fermented beverages in general, bevanda inebriante)
<p>This language and word was used by Greeks and Etruscans till the modern European languages</p>
7 century BC
Characterized by a larger gap between urban and rural. During this period we already had buildings surrounded by production. now the vines are subject of pruning and wine production is improving. Techniques and tools become more refined, thanks to cultural exchange with Phoenicians and Greeks
Phase 3 Romanization
- III century
- Romans acquire many techniques with military conquest
- Vines start to be on rows, parallel trenches together with Lambruscaie
Etruscans and the export
- Primordial export from Tuscany
- trade begin around the IC century BC -
intensified in 8th - interrupted by romans conquest (II-I BC)
- able to navigate the Tyrrean and Mediterrean sea
- Greeks were controlling the southern while Etruscans where commercializing from Tuscany to northern - west - east Europe
- most important market was the Celto - Ligurian settlements in Southern France (Saint Blaise in Provence, Lattes and La Monediere in Languedoc). Many amphorae have been discovered
- 6 the century wine trade slowed down by the Focei( Greci localizzati in Turchia, che controllavano i mari)
Etruschi
…tanto potente era l’Etruria da riempire della fama del suo nome non soltanto la terra, ma il mare, per l’Italia tutta, dalle Alpi allo stretto di Sicilia…“
Tito Livio, Ab Urbe Condita, Libro I (I sec. a.C.)
- i primi a coltivare la vite a partire da varieta selvatiche
- Vitis Vinifera Sylvestris infatti e’ autoctona del mediterraneo sopratutto in Italia
- primi coltivatori di vite in italia
- Popolo del Mediterreano Occidentale dal IX secolo al I sec
- Etruschi e Etruria fu attribuito come nome dai romani, loro si riferivano a se stessi come Rasenna, la loro nazione Rasna.
- popolo dedito al commercio, all’artigianto e alla agricoltura
- Gli etruschi svilupparono un sistema di citta stato indipendenti. Suddivise maggiormente in 3 citta stato : Pisa a nord, Volterra (val di Cecina fino al mare) e Populonia.
- vite coltivata sin dall’ eta del bronzo (XII BC)
- essendo mercanti e navigatori, ebbero relazioni con popoli del mediterraneo orientale (Greci) dove viticultura e tecniche vinicole erano piu evolute. Questo permise loro di sviluppare tecniche piu evolute, nuovi atttrazzi e nuove modalita di lavoro.
Vennero anche importato nuovi vitigni. - Gli Etruschi coltivarono la vite come la vedevano in natura, un arbusto rampicante, una specie di Liana per raggiungere la luce. (una pianta molto eliofila)
- all epoca in Etruria, si parla di viticultrua promiscua
- Etruschi della (Etruria Storica, Toscana e Alto Lazio) si espansero fino alla Campania e Emilia Romagna.
- In campania si vede ancora la differenza della viticultura etrusca a Nord e quella Greca a sud. Confine piu o meno segnato dal fiume Sele.
- la coltivazione Greca e a ceppo basso, senza sostegno o con sostegno morto (alberello).
-Etruschi portarono la loro conoscenza a tutti i popoli da loro conqueistati incluso la Gallia Cisalpina e Nord d’Italia. - I romani impararono dagli etruschi a fare il vino.
- la parola VINUM e’ passata dall’etrusco al latino
- Le varieta che conosciamo oggi sono modifiche di millenni di selezioni e incroci creati dall’uomo. ***
molto probabilmente in quell'epoca emerge una nuova forma di viticultura, di derivazione Greca. Arbustum rimane il termine della maritata e il vinea di quella nuova. Entrambe appartengono alla categoria generale del Vinetum.