eukaryotes Flashcards by noelle Unknown

First eukaryotic cells appeared on earth ______ years ago

4 billion

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Bacteria and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor called the

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

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o Neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic
o Give rise to bacter

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

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▪ From primitive cells
▪ Trapped in eukaryotic cells

Organelles

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is NOT PATHOGENIC. However, once it enters a host that has weak immune system, it becomes an OPPORTUNISTIC microorganism.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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Origin of organelles, such as the mitochondrion and chloroplast, are said to be due to bacterial / archaeal cell parasitizing a descendant of the
LCA

endosymbiosis

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The act of protists engulfing each other which results to prokaryotic cells

endosymbiosis

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Proteins cannot be created without RNA

endosymbiosis

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mitochondria and
chloroplasts have:

o Circular DNA
o 70S ribosomes
o Two-layer membranes

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• Can only be passed from the mother
- Happens as the egg cell contains 23 chromosomes

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

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o Found in prokaryotes
o Are present in the matrix of
mitochondria and chloroplast

70S ribosomes

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o Found in eukaryotes

80S ribosomes

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• Single-celled
• Independent

Firs primitive eukaryotes

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• Evolved when cells lost the ability to survive apart from the colony

Multicellular organisms

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Has high levels of organization

multicellular organisms

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o Group of cells that perform specific
functions

Tissues

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o Group of tissues

Organs

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If a person gets infected with ______, it stays on its host forever and will remain in its cystic stage.

amebiasis

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Cause of amebiasis

shellfish and water

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Eukaryotic organism that is always unicellular

protozoa

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Eukaryotic organism that may be unicellular / multicellular

fungi and algae

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Eukaryotic organism that is always multicellular

helminths (have unicellular egg or larval forms)

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FOUND IN ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS (8)

• Cytoplasmic (cell)
membrane
o A must for
prokaryotes
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles
• Cytoskeleton
• Glycocalyx

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FOUND IN CELLS OF SOME EUKARYOTES

• Cell wall
• Locomotor
appendages
• Chloroplasts
(plants)

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10x thicker than eukaryote

bacterial flagella

Structurally more complex than eukaryotic flagella

bacterial flagella

Covered by an extension of the cell membrane

bacterial flagella

Long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubule

eukaryotic flagella

•Approximately 3 to 4 million species of _____ can be divided into two groups

fungi

: mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi

Macroscopic fungi

: molds and yeasts

Microscopic fungi

Round to oval shape • Uses asexual reproduction

yeast cell

Long, threadlike cells found in filamentous fungi or molds • Pseudohypha: chain of yeast

hyphae

: chain of yeast

Pseudohypha

• Some fungi can take either form dependent on growth conditions

dimorphic

• Used in winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times • Isolated from skin of grapes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates • All fungi are _____

Heterotrophic

• Obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

Saprobes

• Live on the bodies of living animals or plants

Parasites

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

mycelium

: cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

Septa

: fungal reproductive bodies

Spores

have many complex and successful reproductive strategies

fungi

are responsible not only for multiplication, but also for survival, producing genetic variation and dissemination

Fungal spores

separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony

fragmentation

Primary reproductive mode:

spore formation

• Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

Sporangiospores

• Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

Conidiospores or Conidia

Important variations occur when fungi of different genetic makeup combine their genetic material • Slight variations in the form and function are potentially advantageous to the adaptation and survival of the species

sexual spore

caused by environmental pathogens

Community-acquired infections

caused by fungal pathogens in clinical settings

•Hospital-associated infections

caused by pathogens infecting already weakened individuals like transplant, cancer, and HIV-positive patients

Opportunistic infections

•Fungi are involved in other medical conditions besides infections. • Allergies • Neurological conditions due to toxin production t or f

true

penicillin

alexander fleming

•Algae and protozoa have been traditionally combined into the

Kingdom Protista

Two major taxonomic categories:

• Subkingdom Algae • Subkingdom Protozoa

: any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

•Protist

•Group of photosynthetic organisms by their large members such as seaweed and kelp

algae

Widespread inhabitants of fresh and marine water

algae

• Floating community of microscopic organisms • Essential role in the aquatic food web • Produce about 70% of the earth's oxygen •Primary medical threat from algae is through ingestion of toxins during a red tide (Paralytic shellfish Poisoning)

plankton

The protozoa include about 65,000 species • Predominant habitats for protozoa are fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals • While most members are harmless, a few species are parasites responsible for hundreds of millions of infections in humans per year

protozoa

• Scavenge dead plant or animal debris • Graze on live cells of bacteria and algae

Free-living species:

• Live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices • May actively feed on tissues

Parasitic species:

• Amoeboid motion • Serve as feeding structures

Pseudopods ("false feet"):

• Vary in number from one to several

Flagella

• Distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns

•Cilia

• Motile feeding stage • Requires ample food and moisture to remain active

Trophozoite

• Dormant, resting stage • Formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding • Important factor in the spread of disease

Cyst

form of genetic exchange between two cells

Conjugation

: study of protozoa and helminths

Parasitology

: term most often used to denote protozoan and helminth pathogens

Parasite

: sleeping sickness in Africa

Trypanosoma brucei

: Chagas disease; endemic to South and Central America

Trypanosoma cruzi

: thin, often segmented body plan

Flatworms

• Divided into cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)

flatworms

: long, cylindrical, unsegmented body

Roundworms (also called nematodes)

host in which adulthood and mating occur

Definitive (final) host

: sexes have different morphologies

Nematodes

: sexes are separate or male and female sex organs in the same worm (hermaphroditic)

Trematodes

affects almost 240 million people worldwide, and more than 700 million people live in endemic areas. The infection is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas, in poor communities without potable water and adequate sanitation.

Schistosomiasis

• Causes a very common infestation of the large intestine • Worms range from 2 to 12 mm long • Tapered, curved cylinder shape • Simple, uncomplicated infection that does not spread beyond the intestine

Enterobius vermicularis

eukaryotes Flashcards

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