Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are cells organised into?

A

Tissues
Organs
Organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define magnifictaion

A

The degree to which teh size of an image is larger than the image itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Defien reolution

A

The degree to wwhich it is possibel to distinguish between two obketcs that are very close together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is teh function of teh cell membrane?

A

Forms a boundary and controls what passes in and out of teh cell
Needs to be flexible to change shape slightly as its water content changes and also to change shape drmataically.
Needs ot be able to break apart and fuse togetehr easily so vesicles can pass in ando ut of teh cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define prokaryotics

A

Have a membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define eukaryotics

A

Does not have a memrbane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What si a protoplasm

A

Can eb observed by a light microscope

Combination fo nucis and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Defien ultrastructure

A

Detailed organisation of the cells. An electron microscope can be uised to teh details of teh ultrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteritics of teh nucleus

A 
Large organelle
Spherical
Chromatin
Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Nulcear pore
Composed of two fluid fillede memrbnaes
Nucelolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function fo nucleus

A

Contains genetic material
Chromatin consists of DNA and Proteins when teh cell is not dividing
Contains instrcutuions of r making portein
When cell divide, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
Nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Characteritics of mitochondria

A

Can be seen with alight microsocpe
Produces ATP for energy, via aerobic repiration
The more mitochondria in a cell, teh more energy is used by that cell
Muscle cells and cells carryign out a lot of active trasnport have a large number of mitochondria
VContains their own DNA, which replicates under the control of teh nucleus
Inner and outer membrane
Inner memrbane folds to form cristae
Believed to have come from symbiotic eubacteria, due to own dna
Capsule shaped made from a oduble membrane filled with a fluid called matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cristae

A

Large surface area which si surroudned by a fludi filled matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Strcutrue fo centrioles

A

Small protein tubes of microtubules

Each centriole made up of 9 tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functionf o centrioles

A

Form spindle fibres which spereate chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structue of cytoskeleton

A

Made upof micofilaments and microtubules

Microtubules are mainy globular protein tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FFunction of cytoskeleton

A

Fills teh cytoplasm
Give cytoplasm strcutrue
Keep organelle in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vacuole strcutrue

A

Membran bound enclosures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function o fvcuole

A

Foodvacuole: Surround prey that are engulfed

Contractile vacuole: Helps freshwater organisms. Helps to control the concentration of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Strcuture of ribosomes

A

Very small organelles n the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER. Consists of two subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two subunits of ribosomes

A

80S : 40S and 60S

70S: 30S and 50S subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis which acts as an assembly line to use mRNA to assemble protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A

A series of sinl eflattened sacs enclosed by a membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: 80S ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: no ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function f endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER: Synthesises and trasnports steroid and lipids

RER: Synthesis, stores and transports protiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus

Study These Flashcards
A

A series of single, curved sacs enclosed by a memrbane
Each sac is smaller than the previous ne
Many vesicels cluster around it

25
Function of golgi appratus
Recives proteins form the RER Mmodifies proteins Packages proteins itno vesicles to be transported inside cell or ot the outside by excocytosis
26
Strcuture of lysosomes
Spherical sacs surrounded by single membrane | Drk and spherical in the cytoplasm
27
Function fo lyososome
Contain digestive enzymes whic break down materials Fuse with each other and other membrane bound vacuoles containing food Lysosome enzymes breakdown the content inside them to be reused Can fuse with outer cell membrane to relese its enzymes Lysosomes self destruct
28
Properties of plant cell wall
Insoluble cellulose: Held together by hydrogen bonds Usually permeable to anything dissolved in water However the cell wlls contain suberin and lignin
29
Structure of plant cell wall
Middle lamella: First layer to form when the cell divides into two Made up fo pectin which is a glue that holds cell walls to other cells Contain may negatively charged carboxyl groups whcih binds ot positive calcium ions Primary cell walls: First flexible cell wall to form All teh cellulose micro fibrils are orientated in simlar directions Secondary cell wall: Cellulose microfibrils built up in different angle, makes them more rigid. Hemicellulose hardens it further LIgnin present in woody platns making them more rigid.
30
Define plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells that allow communication between the cells
31
Strcuture of chloroplasts
2 memrbnes seperated by fluid filled space Inner memrbane is continuous with a netwrok of thyllakoids A stakc of thyllakoid is called a granum Chlorophyll molecuels are present on these mebranes Contians own DNA LArge Bioconcave shape Surrounded by pouter memrbane Inner membrane folds to form cristae Thought to have been devloped from endosymibiotic eubacteria Contains chlorophyll Fomromed from leucoplasts
32
Function of chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis | LIght energy is used to derie carbohydrtae moleucles from carbon doxide.
33
Structure of permanent vacuole
Fluid filled Surrounded by tonoplast Conatins cell sap
34
Function o ftonoplast
Contisn different protein channels and carriers Controls substances in and out f teh cell Conrol water potential of the cell
35
Cell sap functions
Controls water potential by osmosis, so the cytoplasm is pushed up against the cell wall- keeping teh cell turgid
36
Vacuole function
Pigment, proein and waste product stoarge
37
Structure of chloroplast
Large Biconcave shape Cotnins own DNA Surrounded by fluid filled space Inner membrane continuous with a network of thyllakoids - folded, giving a large surface area for enzyme controlled reactions A stack fo thyllakoids is known as a granum
38
Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis Contians chlorophyll Formed from leucoplasts
39
Properties of amyloplasts
Developed from leucoplasts | colorless and stores starch
40
Define tissue
Group of similar cells, which work together, to perform a similar function
41
Name four main types of tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle adn Nervouse
42
Fuction of squamous epithelium
Lines surfaces of blood vessels Forms walls of cappilaries] Lines the alveoli
43
Function of cubodial and columnar cells
Lioines other tubes
44
Function of epithelial cells
Some contain goblet cells, which produce mucus Foudn in the tracheas, bronchioles adn oviduct The movement of cilia moves materials along teh tubes
45
Defien organs
Groups of different tissues working togetehr, to carry out a partaicular function
46
Define system
A group of different organs working togetehr to carry out a particular function
47
Defien channel proteins
Allows facillitated diffusion to take place
48
Define gated proteins
Allows active trasnport to take pllace
49
What are carbohydrates imrpotant for
Recognitionm
50
Define glycoproteins
Proteins with a carbohydrate attahces
51
Define glycolipids
Lipids with carbohydrate attached
52
Name 4 different types of carrier proteins in the membrane
Carrier protein Gated channel protein Channel protein Carrier protein (Active)
53
Function of membrane protiens
To help substances move acfross the memrbane Proteins can form pores or chennel- some permemnant some temporary- that allows specific moelcuels to move through. Some of these channels can be open or shut. These are known as gateed channels
54
Name function of protein channels
Some are active carrier systems using energy to move moleucels and some are gaps in the lipid bilayer that allows inonic substances toi move through teh membrnae
55
How does the optical microscope work?
A beam of light passes through teh object, opbjective lens and eyepiece lens magnifies the sample. Magniffication= 1500 Resolution = 0.1nm
56
How does the scnanning electron work
A beam of electrons scan beack and forth over the surface of teh sampele, producing a 3d image. Magnification= 50 000X Resolution = 0.1nm
57
How does the trasnmission electron work??
A beam of electrons is trasnmitted through teh obejct, producing a 2d image. A very thin smaple must be used. magnificatioon= 100 000 - 500 000x Resolution= 0.1nm
58
What is staining used for?
To make it easier to idneitfy particualr types of cells under the microscope. To provide contrast between teh organelles adn teh cytoplasm, allowing strcutrues to be observed.

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions