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AS Biology > Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cell theory state?

A

Cells are the fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

Organism composed of a single cell

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3
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

Organism composed of multiple cells

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4
Q

Name a feature of multicellular organisms

A

After development their cells become differentiated and specialised although this means they cant divide further

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which cells specialise, becoming adapted for a specific function

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6
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that have a common origin and similar structure and perform a single function

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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that have a specific function

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8
Q

What is a system?

A

A group of tissues and organs that collectively perform a specific function

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9
Q

What does a condenser lens do?

A

focuses light before it hits a specimen to be viewed. used to vary light intensity

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10
Q

What is the eyepiece lens?

A

The lens you look down to see the specimen

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11
Q

What is the objective lens?

A

The set of lenses attached to the nosepiece that rotate so you can choose which magnification you want to view the sample with

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12
Q

What is the coarse focus?

A

Used to focus the low and medium power objectives

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13
Q

What is the fine focus?

A

Used to focus the high power objective

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14
Q

What is the stage?

A

Where the microscope slide is placed

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15
Q

Explain how you would carry out temporary prep

A

Tissues placed on slide and covered in liquid to prevent it from drying out and then coverslip going on top

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16
Q

Explain how you would carry out permanent prep

A

Water removed from tissue and replaced with a firmer substance. Cover slip held in place by a resin

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17
Q

What does a stain do?

A

Helps to identify key cell structures bc they colour the cell

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18
Q

What is magnification?

A

The extent to which an object is enlarged by a microscope

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19
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Image size/specimen size

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20
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between points that are very close together

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21
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

Electron gun fires electron beam at sample and electromagnets focus the beam onto a fluorescent screen for viewing

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22
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles in its cytoplasm

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23
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells with no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

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24
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Aqueous solution of chemicals around the organelles

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25
What does the cell surface membrane do?
Contains the organelles and the cytosol
26
What are organelles?
Structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that perform a discrete function and are membrane bound
27
Describe the structure of the nucleus
Largest organelle Double membrane - outer layer continuous with the RER Pores to allow movement of mRNA and ribosomes out and hormones and nutrients in Contains chromatin/chromosomes
28
What are chromosomes?
Strands of DNA wound around histone
29
What is chromatin?
Diffuse network of chromosomes
30
What is the function of the nucleolus
Site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus | Makes ribosomes from ribosomal RNA
31
Describe the structure of the mitochondria
``` Rod shaped organelles Double membrane Folded inner membrane to form cristae Outer membrane smooth Inside inner membrane is matrix ```
32
What are cristae?
The folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
33
What is the matrix?
An aqueous solution of metabolites and enzymes inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
34
Explain the structure of a chloroplast
Biconcave structure Folded inner membrane Smooth outer membrane
35
What are thylakoids?
The folded inner membrane of the chloroplasts
36
What are grana?
Flattened circular piles of thylakoids
37
What is the stroma?
An aqueous environment containing enzymes and starch grains
38
How big are the size of the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
80S
39
Where are ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?
Free in the cytoplasm | Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
40
What is the function of the RER?
Folds polypeptide chains into their tertiary and quarternary structures
41
Where is the RER?
Continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus
42
Why is the RER rough?
Has ribosomes attached to it
43
What is a vesicle?
A small spherical organelle bounded by a single membrane which is used to store and transport substances around the cell
44
What is the function of the SER?
Synthesis lipids and hormones | Contains detoxifying enzymes
45
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To sort, modify and package proteins made by the ribosomes
46
Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus
Stacks of flattened cisternae. Vesicles from the RER fuse with one end and are pinched off the other end
47
What is the function of the lysosomes?
To breakdown old organelles and harmful bacteria and to cause self destruction when an organism dies
48
Describe the structure of lysosomes
Small spherical vesicles bound by a single membrane which contains hydrolytic enzymes
49
What are microtubules made of?
Globular protein tubulin
50
What is the structure of microtubules?
Move organelles around the cytoplasm
51
Describe features and structure of centrioles
Found as pair lying at right angles to each other | Each centriole composed of 9 microtubules
52
What is the plant cell wall made of?
Straight chains of cellulose held together by hydrogen bonds
53
What is the function of the cell wall?
Structure and support - stops plant cell from bursting in aqueous solutions
54
What is the middle lamella?
A gel-like layer of calcium pectate between new cells
55
What are plasmodesmata?
Cytoplasmic connections between plant cells through gaps in their cell walls
56
How are plasmodesmata formed?
When ER of parent cell gets trapped in the gaps inthe middle lamella
57
What does the permanent vacuole do?
Presses cytoplasm and cell surface membrane firmly against cell wall
58
What is the tonoplast?
Membrane surrounding large fluid filled vacuole
59
What size are prokaryotes?
Small - size of mitochondria
60
What is a nucleoid?
Circular DNA molecule in the cytoplasm of a prokaryote
61
What are plasmids?
Smaller circular DNA molecules | Carry information for antibiotic resistance
62
How big are ribosomes in prokaryotes?
70S
63
What is the cell wall made up of in prokaryotes?
Peptidoglycan
64
What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotes?
Prevents it from bursting | Gives it shape
65
What is the function of pilli?
Helps pro. cells attach to cell surfaces
66
What is the function of flagella?
To allow for movement of the pro. cells
67
What are gram positive bacteria walls made up of?
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
68
What colour are gram positive bacteria cell walls in crystal violet?
Purple
69
What colour are gram negative bacteria cell walls in crystal violet?
Colourless bc outer layers of lipids prevent stain from being taken up
70
What are gram negative bacteria walls made up of?
Thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer layers of lipids
71
Outline the experiment to test for gram positive/negative bacteria
Bacteria on air dried smear on a slide Heat fix Treated with crystal violet and everything seems purple Flooded with iodine to react stain with walls that will react Treated with decolourising solution of alcohol and acetone to remove dye from cells hasnt reacted with Safranin added as counter dye
72
What is an organelle?
A structure found in eukaryotic cells that perform a discrete function
73
What are the function of ribosomes?
Translation - assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain to make proteins
74
What does the S in 80S ribosomes mean?
Svedberg - unit of measurement of tiny objects. Measure of sedimentation rate when the object is centrifuged
75
Describe the structure of ribosomes
Two subunits - one big and one small | Made of proteins and ribosomal RNA
76
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
Folded membranous sacs - can be smooth or rough
77
How are proteins transferred from the RER to the Golgi?
Direct contact | Vesicles pinched off the end of the RER sacs
78
Where is the SER found?
Nowhere near the nucleus lmao
79
Where are lysosomes made?
In the RER then modified by the Golgi
80
Which cells have lysosomes?
White blood cells | Sperm cells
81
What happens to the proteins modified by the Golgi?
Leave cell by exocytosis | Stay in cell
82
Describe the structure of the vacuole?
Fluid filled sac enclosed by a tonoplast
83
Give examples of prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and cyanobacteria
84
Why are Gram positive bacteria susceptible to antibiotics?
They have no outer layers of lipopolysaccharides
85
How does penicillin affect Gram positive bacteria?
Interupts the bonds between peptidoglycan chains in the cell wall Cell breaks down Cell swells and bursts during cell division
86
Why are Gram negative bacteria unaffected by antibiotics?
Impermeable lipopolysaccharide layers
87
Name some differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
E - nucleus, P - nucleoid E - membrane bound organelles, P - not E - 80S ribosomes, P - 70S ribosomes E - larger, smaller SA:V ratio
88
Why is an electron microscope a higher resolution than the light microscope?
Electron beam is a shorter wavelength than the light of a light microscope
89
What are physical characteristics of Golgi?
Membranous sacs Stacked up Smooth and have no ribosomes

AS Biology (17 decks)

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