Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

plasma membrane

Answer 1

a selectively permeable, lipid bilayer surrounding each cell

Question 2

cytoplasm

Answer 2

the interior of a cell (minus the nucleus) containing organelles suspended in a jelly-like substance called the cytosol

Question 3

nucleus

Answer 3

contains cells genetic material as it consists of chromosomes made up of chromatin which contain DNA

Question 4

nuclear envelope

Answer 4

a double membrane each being a lipid bilayer. contains pores for the transfer of molecules, lined by a pore complex

Question 5

nucleolus

Answer 5

location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), responsible for transcription and ribosome assembly.

Question 6

ribosomes

Answer 6

complexes of protein and rRNA responsible for protein synthesis. (can be freely suspended in the cytosol, or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.)

Question 7

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

membraneous system of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs

Question 8

smooth ER

Answer 8

involved in numerous metabolic processes including lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and calcium storage

Question 9

Rough ER

Answer 9

covered in ribosomes synthesizing proteins to be exported. involved in protein glycosylation and membrane synthesis.

Question 10

Transitional ER

Answer 10

region of rough ER from which transport vesicles bud off and move to other regions of the cell

Question 11

Golgi apparatus

Answer 11

4-8 membranous sacs called cisternae. The cis face is orientated towards the ER and receives vesicles and the trans face sorts molecules and releases vesicles for transport elsewhere in the cell.

Question 12

lysosomes

Answer 12

a membranous sac with an acidic interior containing hydrolytic enzymes for the hydrolysis of macromolecules

Question 13

phagocytosis

Answer 13

the endocytosis (internalization) of large particles coupled to digestion

Question 14

autophagy

Answer 14

recycling of a cells organic material

Question 15

Vacuoles

Answer 15

large vesicles with an internal solution differing in composition from the cytoplasm

Question 16

food vacuoles

Answer 16

formed by phagocytosis

Question 17

contractile vacoules

Answer 17

pump excess water out of the cell. found in aquatic, unicellular eukaryotes.

Question 18

hydrolytic vacuoles

Answer 18

similar to lysosomes. found in plants and fungi

Question 19

central vacuole

Answer 19

found in plant cells. stores inorganic ions and contributes to cell growth and structure.

Question 20

mitochondria

Answer 20

a powerhouse of the cell. sites of cellular respiration produce ATP

Question 21

chloroplasts

Answer 21

specialized plastids that are the sites of photosynthesis and produce sugars.

Question 22

thylakoids

Answer 22

membranous system of flattened interconnected sacs, a stack of thylakoids is a granum

Question 23

stroma

Answer 23

the fluid outside of the thylakoids

Question 24

peroxisome

Answer 24

bound by a single lipid bilayer membrane. involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful compounds

Question 25

cytoskeleton

Answer 25

a dynamic network of fibres extending through the cytoplasm. provides mechanical support and anchorage for organelles. consists of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.

Question 26

microtubule

Answer 26

hollow rods that contribute to cell shape and support and serve as tracks for motor proteins

Question 27

centrosome

Answer 27

a region near the nucleus, from which microtubules grow.

Question 28

centrioles

Answer 28

a pair of nine sets of triplet microtubules in a centrosome.

Question 29

flagella and cilia

Answer 29

microtubule containing extensions of a cell involved in cell motility movement of fluid and signaling

Question 30

microfilaments (actin filaments)

Answer 30

a twisted double chain of actin subunits involved in tension bearing. contribute to cell shape

Question 31

intermediate filaments

Answer 31

intermediate in size and more permanent than microtubules and microfilaments.

Question 32

cell wall

Answer 32

an extracellular layer of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. includes the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall.

Question 33

extracellular matrix

Answer 33

an extracellular layer around animal cells that includes glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans

Question 34

plasmodesmata

Answer 34

channels connecting plant cells allowing transfer of compounds between cells

Question 35

gap junctions

Answer 35

animal cell equivilants of plasmodesmatata

Question 36

tight junctions

Answer 36

tight seals between cells preventing the passage of extracellular fluid.