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Biology Module 2 > Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

organelles def

A

structures within a cell
(sub- cellular structures)

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains the cytosol, organelles and structural protein and cytoskeleton of a cell.

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3
Q

cytosol

A

aqueous component of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Structures only in animal cells

A

centrioles and micro villi

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5
Q

structures only in plant cells

A

cellulose, cell wall, large permanent vacuoles , chloroplasts

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6
Q

Nucleus structure

A
  • Surrounded by a double membrane (nucleus envelope)
  • contains chromatin which consists of DNA wound around histone proteins. The chromatin condenses to from chromosomes, they are only visible when dividing.
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7
Q

Nucleus envelope structure

A
  • surrounds nucleus
  • contains pores
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8
Q

Nucleolus structure

A
  • doesn’t contain a membrane
  • contains RNA and proteins
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9
Q

Nucleus function

A

-directs protein synthesis
- controls metabolic activity of the cell.

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10
Q

Nucleus envelope function

A
  • separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell
  • protects the DNA from damage to cytoplasm
    -Allows movement from in and out of the nucleus
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11
Q

Nucleolus function

A

responsible for producing ribosomes and where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed

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12
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

-2-5 μm long
-double membrane. the inner membrane olds inwards to form cristae.
- centre of mitochondria filled with fluid called the matrix

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13
Q

mitochondria function

A
  • Site of cellular aerobic respiration
    -Self replicating, so more can be made if the cells energy needs increase
  • There’s many of them where many metabolic activity takes place eg, liver cells.
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14
Q

Ribosomes structure

A
  • Small spherical organelles around 20 nm in diameter
  • Made of ribosomal RNA
  • Some attached to Rough endoplasmic reticulum or they may be floating free in the cytoplasm
  • made from 2 separate sub units which passes through nuclear envelope then combine.
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15
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Used in protein synthesis
- bound ribosomes usually synthesise proteins that will be exported out of the cell
- ribosomes in cytoplasm usually synthesise proteins that will be used within the cell

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16
Q

Cell surface membrane structure

A
  • made up of a phospholipid bilayer.
  • partially permeable
  • fragile
    -boundary of all cells
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17
Q

Cell surface membrane function

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A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

18
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

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A
  • stack of membrane bound flattened sacs
    -formed of cisternae
  • has a cis and trans face (opposing sides)
19
Q

Golgi apparatus function

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A
  • stores, modifies and packages proteins into vesicles which are then pinched off
  • modifies proteins by being folded, having sugars added, adding lipid molecules
20
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

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A
  • ribosomes bound to surface
  • contains cisternae which is continuous of the nuclear membrane
21
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

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A

-The cisternae form channels for transporting substances from one area of cell to another
-large surface area for ribosomes

22
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

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A
  • No ribosomes on surface
  • contains cisternae which is continuous of the nuclear membrane
23
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

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A
  • contains enzymes which catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism
  • involved with absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids
24
Q

Vesicles structure

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A

-membrane bound sacs with storage and transport roles
-single membrane with fluid inside

25
Vesicles function
transport materials inside the cell
26
lysosomes structure
- vesicles containing powerful hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes - single membrane - Abundant in phagocytic cells that can ingest invading pathogens
27
lysosomes function
- keep powerful hydrolytic enzymes separate from the rest of the cell - can engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter, digest them and return the digested parts to cell fro reuse. - important role in programmed cell death
28
Micro tubules (cilia) structure
-Part of the cytoskeleton - form: cilia and centrioles - can be stationary or mobile - mobile cilia beat in a rhythmic manner, creating a current - hair like each cilium contains 2 micro-tubules surrounded by 9 pairs of micro-tubules
29
Micro tubules (cilia) function
- provide motility -used to move substances outside human cells
30
micro tubules (undulipodia) structure
- like flagella (eukaryotic version) - whip like extensions - found on sperm cells
31
micro tubules (undulipodia) function
- used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in cells environment
32
Centrioles structure
- consist of two bundles of micro tubules at right angles to each other - the micro tubules are made of protein sub units and arranged to form a cylinder
33
centrioles function
- aid in cell division by migrating to opposite ends of the nucleus (organisation of the spindle in animal cells) - can be seen during cell division - organises the spindle fibres during cell division
34
chloroplasts structure
- 4-10 μm long - found only in plant cells - surrounded by a double membrane - inner membrane is continuous with thylakoids - enclosed fluid called stroma - internal network of membranes called thylakoids - several thylakoids called a garnum - several garnum called a grana - grana joined by lamellae - grana contain chlorophyll
35
chloroplasts function
- absorption of light which is the catalyst for photosynthesis - light independent stage of photosynthesis takes place in the stroma - chlorophyll pigments is where the light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs -internal membranes provides large surface areas needed for the enzymes, proteins and pigment molecules necessary in photosynthesis process. - starch stored as starch grains - able to self replicate as they contain ribosomes and DNA
36
cell wall structure
-contents of cell press up against cell wall -rigid and protective barrier - located outside of the cell membrane - freely permeable - located on outside of plasma membrane - made of cellulose fibres - contains gaps called plasmodesmata
37
cell wall function
- cellulose provides structural support - gaps of the plasmodesmata is where narrow threads of cytoplasm connect one cell to the next
38
vacuoles structure
- large and central - permanent in plant cells, smaller permanent in animal cells - bound by a membrane called the tonoplast
39
Vacuoles function
- storage for food, water, enzymes, wastes, pigments ect. - when full, maintains cell stability as it pushes against cell wall, making cell turgid
40
eukaryotic def
contains membrane bound organelles, has a true nucleus
41
fungi cell wall is made out of
chitin
42
plant cell wall made out of
cellulose

Biology Module 2 (9 decks)

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