Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

electron transport chain disorders

Answer 1

found in the mitochondria, which belongs in the egg cells of a female

Question 2

rough ER

Answer 2

protein production

Question 3

prokaryote protein manufacturing speed

Answer 3

faster protein production because lack of physical barrier between transcription and translation

Question 4

cell motility

Answer 4

microfilaments (actin, used in muscles) and microtubules (which comprise cilia and flagella), flagella

micro = movement "tubular flagella = movement"
filament = "muscle-fill-actin"

Question 5

intermediate filaments

Answer 5

the anchors; help the cell retain its shape, not involve in movement - made of keratin or neurofilament

“intermediate structure”

larger than microfilaments, smaller than microtubules

Question 6

muscle cells

Answer 6

contain sarcoplasmic reticulum, a modified smooth ER that stores calcium (makes contractions efficient), and contains more mitochondria

Question 7

proteins made in…

Answer 7

ribosome or rough ER, post-translationally modified elsewhere

Question 8

golgi apparatus

Answer 8

“tags” proteins to the appropriate location, which helps moves proteins around the cell

the “shipping department”

Question 9

microtubules

Answer 9

cell structure and motility - tubulin is the protein

• found in flagella and cilia
• used in mitotic spindles

Question 10

origin of replication

Answer 10

eukaryotic DNA has multiple origins of replication, while prokaryotic DNA has only one since it is small and condensed

Question 11

similarities in DNA replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 11

both have helicase and gyrase (unzip, untwist)

both are double-helix and coiled

Question 12

mutations in prokaryotes

Answer 12

more likely than eukaryotes per base pair formed, maybe because it is much faster than eukaryotic transcription (2000bp/s vs 100 bp/s)

Question 13

Smooth ER

Answer 13

1. lipid production (steroids/lipids) - fat-based molecules important for energy storage, membrane structure, and communication
2. detoxification (lots of smooth ER in the liver) and metabolizes carbohydrates

“smooth lipids” - more tubular than rough ER, not necessarily continuous with the nuclear envelope

no ribosomes

Question 14

Rough ER

Answer 14

1. protein production for export of the cell
2. rough because it is studded with ribosomes
   the “production line”
3. glycosylates the protein, to be transported to the GA

continuous with the nuclear envelope

proteins are destined for the membrane or secreted outside the cell; allows for this specialization to occur

Question 15

peroxisome

Answer 15

lipid destruction, oxidative enzymes (protects from ROS)

“security and waste removal”

“peroxi-l(ipid)”

Question 16

lysosome

Answer 16

protein destruction, recycling, and security

“lyso-p(rotein)”

digestion of waste material (its dysfunction is responsible for Tay Sachs disease)

Question 17

nuclear envelope

Answer 17

made up for 4 membrane layers, in between is called the perinuclear space

Question 18

the stamp of approval for RNA

Answer 18

when RNA leaves the nucleus, it has to be specially modified, in the form of a cap and tail

Question 19

nucleolus

Answer 19

responsible for holding DNA that produces ribosomes, and is where ribosomes are assembled and exist via nuclear pores

“nucleolus - ribosomes”

Question 20

ER

Answer 20

attached to the nuclear envelope; contains folds which enclose the lumen, which is continuous with the perinuclear space

Question 21

4 locations for GA

Answer 21

1. cytosol
2. cell membrane - proteins useful for transport, identification
3. secretion
4. lysosome

Question 22

cytoskeleton

Answer 22

protein fibers - cell movement and stability

1. microfilaments (smallest)
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules (biggest)

Question 23

microfilaments

Answer 23

made of actin (strong, flexible) responsible for contractions (actin-myosin system)

Question 24

nucleoplasm

Answer 24

fluid inside the nucleus

Question 25

nucleolus

Answer 25

function: ribosome assembly, where ribosomal RNA is produced

Question 26

mitochondria

Answer 26

- contains circular DNA - self-replicating, makes rRNA, and tRNA and proteins in the ETC, and produces ATP synthase - has a different system of transcription/translation - has its own unique genetic code two spaces: intermembrane space, matrix (where pyruvate dehydrogenase occurs and krebs cycle occurs) the inner membrane is not permeable, but the outer membrane is permeable

Question 27

protein synthesis

Answer 27

occurs in cytoplasm or rough ER cytoplasm: proteins are destined for the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisome, or cytoplasm rough ER: proteins are destined for secretion or as integral proteins; or ER, golgi, or lysosomes

Question 28

post-translation modification of proteins

Answer 28

occurs in the rough ER; ex. formation of disulfide bridges

Question 29

the secretory pathway

Answer 29

proteins produced in rough ER

Question 30

golgi apparatus

Answer 30

1. modifies proteins made in the rough ER 2. sorts and sends proteins to proper destinations 3. synthesizes molecules that are secreted from the cell

Question 31

lysosome

Answer 31

1. autophagy - digests parts of cell or other cells 2. crinophagy - digests excess secretory products to be recycled by the cell pH of 5

Question 32

peroxisome

Answer 32

harnesses H2O2 with catalase to produce H2O

Question 33

epithelial cells

Answer 33

makes out the outer layer of skin and organs, lines the lumen organs, lines the inside of cavities make up exocrine and endocrine glands simple - 1 layer (alveoli of lungs) stratified - 2 or more layers (chemical or mechanical stress) - esophagus attached to the basement membrane (fibers like collagen) and receives nutrients via this membrane (no direct blood source)

Question 34

exocrine

Answer 34

release hormones directly to a target organ, while endo releases to bloodstream

Question 35

connective tissue (purpose?)

Answer 35

supports tissues; connects tissues; separates different tissues from each other ex. bone, cartilage, blood, lymph, adipose, membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Question 36

connective tissue is made of...

Answer 36

1. cells 2. ground substance 3. fibers the ground substance and fibers make up the matrix

Question 37

types of connective tissue

Answer 37

1. areolar: bind different types of tissues, provides flexibility and cushioning 2. adipose tissue: provides cushioning and stores energy, does not have fibers 3. fibrous connective tissue (strong): provides support and shock absorption for bones and organs (found in dermis - middle layer of the skin - tendons, and ligaments) 4. blood: no fibers, matrix plasma 5. osseous tissue: bone tissue; osteocytes; bone mineral, or hydroxyapatite (collagen fibers with minerals like phosphates, magnesium, and calcium) 6. hyaline cartilage - chondrocytes, found on surfaces of joints

Question 38

animal tissues (4 types)

Answer 38

1. connective 2. muscle 3. nervous 4. epithelial