eukaryotic gene regulation Flashcards
(19 cards)
chromatin
a protein that allows DNA to fit into the nucleus (chromatin=crunch it up), can limit transcriptional access to the DNA (loose, can transcribe, tight cannot)
histones
package and arrange DNA around themselves to create nucleosomes
nucleosome complexes
move along DNA to alter which areas are accessible to transcriptional machinery
UTRS
untranslated regions
the longer the promoter
the more control the cell can have over the transcription process
TFIID
the first step in transcription, collects other RNA polymerase to start the process of transcription, contains the TBP proteins
the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase
allows for the RNA to be correctly oriented
enhancers (regulatory sequence)
increase or enhance transcription
TFARSERS
transcription factor- activators/repressors
regulatory sequences-silencers/enhancers
when a DNA bending proteins bind to enhancers what happens
the shape of the DNA changes and bends to form a hairpin like structure
miRNAS
short RNAS that are 21 to 24 nucleotides in length and help to destroy RNAs
NPCs
nuclear pore complexes - allows the flowing of proteins and RNA in and out of the nucleus
eif2 (eukaryotic initiation factor number 2)
controlled by GTP, the first protein to bind to mRNA in translation, recruits the start codon of methionine (AUG)
cell diffrentiation
allows for all types of cells with the same DNA due to the differential expression of genes
gene regulation involves
the remodeling of chromatin
cell enhancers do what in the cell
define cell identities
modular control
genes depend on set of binding site and distribution of transcription factors, controlled independently in each tissue
when eif2 is phosphorylated, translation does/does not happen
NO TRANSLATION
when eif2 is NOT phosphorylated
translation happens
