Eukaryotic Microbes

Question 1

Define mycology

Answer 1

The study of fungi

Question 2

What is the difference between fungal spores and bacterial endospores?

Answer 2

Endospores are used for survival of certain bacteria. While fungal spores are used for fungal reproduction.

Question 3

What is the purpose of a cysts of a protozoa?

Answer 3

Cysts are similar to the function of endospores, used to protect protozoa when in harsh environments.

Question 4

What are the adaptations of helmiths that distinguish them from the free-living animals?

Answer 4

Lacks a digestive system: Lives in an environment that the food has already been digested. Low motility: There is no need to move around and search for food.

Question 5

What are the two microbe species in the fungi kingdom?

Answer 5

Molds, and yeasts.

Question 6

Define a mold

Answer 6

Aerobic filamentous fungi

Question 7

Define a hyphae.

Answer 7

Multicellular filaments of a mold colony.

Question 8

Define a vegetative hyphae.

Answer 8

hyphae that runs parallel to the substrate that are responsible for obtaining nutrients.

Question 9

Define an aerial hyphae.

Answer 9

Hyphae that runs perpendicular to the substrate (in the air). Are responsable for reproduction, and ofter bears spores.

Question 10

How do molds reproduce?

Answer 10

Through the fragmentation of the aerial hyphae.

Question 11

Define asexual spores.

Answer 11

From the hyphae of one organism, that is genetically idential to the parent, and is able to germinate to form a new mold.

Question 12

Define sexual spores.

Answer 12

Spores that are able to germinate by fusing two nuclei of opposite mating strains of the same species. (Combination of genetic material from two organisms.)

Question 13

Define a yeast

Answer 13

A nonfilamentous, unicellular fungus. Its shape is generally round or oval. Are capable of facultative anaerobic growth, and are generally more adaptable than bacterial. (Tolerate more environments than bacteria)

Question 14

Define budding in respects to yeast.

Answer 14

Yeast reproduction method. Similar to fission, but instead of dividing in half, the yeast forms a small node that eventually grows into a new yeast.

Question 15

Define an opportunistic pathogen.

Answer 15

Microorganism that are only pathogenic when given a special opportunity. (Someone who is immunocompromised, or if competition is low, causing the population to grow.

Question 16

What are some characteristics of the Candida albicans?

Answer 16

A yeast. Is generally found in normal microbiota of the skin, genitourinary tract, and mouth. Are opportunistic pathogens, and can cause thrush or vaginitis if the population is able to grow out of control, due to lack of competition.

Question 17

What are some characteristics of Pneumocystis jiroveci?

Answer 17

Opportunistic pathogen that can cause Pneumocystic pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. (People with AIDS)

Question 18

Define Protozoa.

Answer 18

A unicellular eukaryote, that are chemoheterotrophs, generally lives in areas with a large supply of water.

Question 19

Define a trophozoite in respect to protozoa.

Answer 19

The feeding/growing state of protozoa. Typically motile.

Question 20

Define Schizogony.

Answer 20

Multiple fission, dividing into multiple protozoa rather than just 2.

Question 21

Define a cyst in respects to protozoa

Answer 21

A protective capsules that protozoa produce to survive in harsh conditions.

Question 22

Define a complex life cycle in protozoa.

Answer 22

Parasitic protozoa that need to live in multiple hosts to complete its life cycle.

Question 23

What are some characteristics of Plasmodium?

Answer 23

Parasitic protozoa that causes malaria. Has a complex life cycle. In the intermediate host causes destruction of red blood cells, changes the shape of red blood cells shape causing the clogs in tissue capillaries.

Question 24

Define a definitive host in protozoa.

Answer 24

The host that harbors the sexually reproducing stage of parasitic protozoa.

Question 25

Define a intermediate host in protozoa.

Answer 25

The host that harbors the asexual reproducting stage of parasitic protozoa. (Generally the pathogenic phase)

Question 26

Define a helmith

Answer 26

A microscopic multicellular worm. Often parasitic. Lack a digestive system, with a reduced nenrvous system, reduced locomotion, and has a compex reproductive system.

Question 27

Define definitive host in helmith.

Question 28

Define intermediate host in helmith.

Question 29

Define a Monoecious in helminths

Answer 29

Helminths that are hermaphroditic

Question 30

Define a Dioecious in helminths.

Answer 30

Helminths that have separate sexes.

Question 31

Helminths that have separate sexes.

Answer 31

The head of the helminths that have suckers, and hooks used for attachment.

Question 32

What are the characteristics of Tapeworms

Answer 32

Helminths worms that are intestinal parasites, have a scolex, and are segmented (Each segment contains male and female reproductive organs. As the segments mature; they will detatch at the tail end, disintegrate, and release eggs.) Segements are called proglottid.

Question 33

Characteristics of Flukes

Answer 33

Flat, and leaf-shaped Helminths. Has Oral and ventral suckers that anchor the fluke in place. Able to absorb food through cuticles

Question 34

Characteristics of Roundworms

Answer 34

Helminth cylindrical worms that are tapered at the ends, with a coomplete digestive system, are motil, and mostly dioecious. Infection occurs by ingestion of eggs. Eggs are excreted in feces and can survive in soil up to 10 years in the soil.