Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic Cells

Question 1

Key features of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

• Has membrane bound organelles
• Complex
• Big ribosomes
• If it has a cell wall = made of cellulose

Question 2

Around what size is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

20+ micrometres

Question 3

What are the two main types of eukaryotic cell?

Answer 3

• Animal cell

- Plant cell

Question 4

List the organelles common to all eukaryotic cells

Answer 4

• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Mitochondria
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosome
• Centriole
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane

Question 5

Describe the nucleus 3

Answer 5

• Enclosed by double membrane nuclear envelope
• Contains nucleolus
• Contains chromatin/chromosomes of DNA

Question 6

What is the nuclear envelope composed of?

Answer 6

Two membranes containing many pores, allowing substances to move between cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 7

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 7

• Dense body where ribosomes are made

Question 8

What are the functions of the nucleus? 3

Answer 8

• Where ribosomes made
• Contains instructions on protein making in genetic material
• Controls cell activities through controlling DNA transcription

Question 9

What are lysosomes?

Answer 9

Spherical sacs bound by a single membrane keeping digestive enzymes inside (lysozymes) separate from the cytoplasm

Question 10

What are the 3 functions of lysosomes?

Answer 10

• Digest invading cells
• Destruction of whole cells when old cells replaced/during development
• Breakdown of unwanted structures in cells

Question 11

What are ribosomes?

Answer 11

Very small organelles made of RNA and proteins

Question 12

What 2 places are ribosomes found?

Answer 12

• On the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ReR)

- Free floating

Question 13

Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

What is the purpose of the ribosomes?

Answer 14

Protein synthesis

Question 15

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum made of?

Answer 15

A system of:

• Interconnected
• Membrane bound
• Fluid Filled
• Flattened sacs
• Outer surface: covered in ribosomes

Question 16

What are the 2 functions of the RER?

Answer 16

• Folds and processes proteins from the ribosomes

- Transports proteins from ribosomes to other parts of the cell

Question 17

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum made of?

Answer 17

A system of:

• Inerconnected
• Fluid filled
• Membrane bound
• Flattened sacs
• No ribosomes on the outer surface

Question 18

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 18

Synthesis of lipids and steroids (e.g reproductive hormones)

Question 19

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 19

Group of flattened fluid filled membrane bound sacs

Question 20

How is the Golgi Apparatus formed?

Answer 20

Fusion of vesicles from the ER

Question 21

What are the 3 functions of the Golgi Appartus?

Answer 21

• Processes and modifies proteins and lipids
• Package proteins and lipids in vesicles for transport
• Makes lyosomes

Question 22

What do mitochondria look like?

Answer 22

Oval shaped organelles with a double membrane

Question 23

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria look like and why?

Answer 23

Folded to form finger like projections (cristae) to increase surface area

Question 24

What is contained inside the mitochondria?

Answer 24

The matrix - containing respiration enzymes

Question 25

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 25

Site of ATP production

Question 26

Where are mitochondria found in large numbers?

Answer 26

Active cells requiring a high amount of energy

Question 27

What are centrioles?

Answer 27

Small hollow cylinderical tubes made of a ring of 9 protein microtubles

Question 28

What are the 3 functions of the centrioles?

Answer 28

- Seperation of chromosomes in cell division - Transport within cell cytoplasm - Can develop into cilia and flagella

Question 29

How are centrioles found?

Answer 29

In pairs

Question 30

Give the steps of protein processing

Answer 30

- Proteins made at the ribosomes - Enter rough ER lumen - Protein move through RER assuming 3D shape en enroute as they are folded and processed - Vesicles pinched off the rough ER contain the protein - Form flattened sacs of the Golgi Apparatus - Proteins undergo further processing at the Golgi Apparatus e.g addition of a carbohydrate to form glycoprotein - Secondary vesicles pinched off the GA contain the modified protein - Become part of vesicle membrane - Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane releasing protein

Question 31

What defines a prokaryotic cell? 6

Answer 31

- Single celled organism - No nucleus - No membrane bound organelles - Small ribosomes - Cell wall: murein - All have a plasmid - Some have a flagella and a capsule

Question 32

What is DNA in eukaroyotic cells like?

Answer 32

- Long linear - Double helix - Folded around histones - Folded into chromosomes - Found in nucleus

Question 33

What is DNA in prokaryotic cells like?

Answer 33

- Shorter and circular - No proteins/histones - No nucleus - Can be found in plasmids

Question 34

Which eukaryotic organelles contain their own DNA?

Answer 34

- Mitochondria | - Chloroplasts