EVAL. OF THE EFFECTIVENESS, ALDEHYDES, PHENOLS, OXIDIZING AGENTS (Chapter 6)

Question 1

Used as antiseptics disinfectants

Answer 1

Alcohols and Aldehydes

Question 2

Antibacterial potencies of the primary alcohols (against test cultures of Staphylococcus aureus)
increase with molecular weight until the ______

Answer 2

8-carbon atom (octanol)

Question 3

Increased primary alcohol chain length → Stronger Van der Waals interactions → Better membrane penetration

Answer 3

As the alcohol chain lengthens, Van der Waals forces increase, enhancing its ability to disrupt microbial membranes, making it more effective as an antimicrobial agent.

Question 4

Water solubility decreases → Antimicrobial potency diminishes with higher molecular weight

Answer 4

Longer-chain alcohols become less water-soluble, reducing their ability to diffuse and interact with microbes, which lowers their apparent antimicrobial effectiveness.

Question 5

Branching of the alcohol chain reduces antibacterial potency

Answer 5

Branched alcohols have weaker Van der Waals interactions, making them less effective at penetrating bacterial membranes, thus decreasing their antimicrobial activity.

Question 6

Primary > Secondary > Tertiary alcohols in antibacterial effectiveness

Answer 6

• Primary alcohols are the most effective because they have a linear structure, allowing better membrane penetration.
• Secondary and tertiary alcohols are less effective due to their bulkier structures, which hinder interaction with microbial membranes.

Question 7

is slighlty more active than ethyl alcohol against vegetative bacterial growth but both are ineffective against spores

Answer 7

Isopropyl alcohol

Question 8

Denaturation of important proteins and carbohydrates

Answer 8

Mode of Action of Alcohol

Question 9

• Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol, Wine Spirit, Spiritus vini rectificatus, Grain Alcohol
• Contains 95% ethanol by volume
• Fermentation product from grain and
other carbohydrates sources

Answer 9

Alcohol, USP

Question 10

• substance known as ethyl alcohol, hydrated oxide of ethyl, or spirit of wine, from whatever source or
whatever process produced
• having a proof of 160 or more and not including
the substances commonly known as whiskey, brandy, rum or gin.

Answer 10

Alcohol

Question 11

• the most widely abused of all recreational drugs
• widely used in pharmaceutical preparations
• undergoes a series of oxidation reactions in vivo

Answer 11

Alcohol,USP

Question 12

Antidote for Alcohol

Answer 12

Disulfiram

Question 13

• It has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances

Answer 13

Denatured Alcohol

Question 14

• Completely denatured alcohol contains:
• It is unsuitable for either internal or external use (eye toxicity and bone marrow toxicity/ leukemia,
respectively)

Answer 14

Methanol (wood alcohol) and Benzene

Question 15

• ethanol treated with one or more substances so that its use may be permitted for a specialized purpose
• Ex:
- iodine in alcohol for tincture of iodine
- methanol, and other substances in mouthwashes
- aftershave lotions
- methanol in alcohol for preparing plant extracts

Answer 15

Specially denatured alcohol

Question 16

• external as an antiseptic, preservative, mild counterirritant, or solvent

Answer 16

Primary uses of alcohol

Question 17

• usually contains 70% ethanol
• astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild local anesthetic (results from the evaporative refrigerant action of alcohol when applied to skin)
• has been injected near nerves and ganglia to alleviate pain
• has low narcotic potency and has been used internally in diluted form as mild sedative, a weak vasodilator and a carminative

Answer 17

Rubbing Alcohol

Question 18

Causes N & V, and vasodilatory flushing

Answer 18

Acetaldehyde

Question 19

Alcohol used in pharmacy for the preparation of:

Answer 19

• Spirits - preparations containing ethanol as the sole solvent
• Tinctures - hydroalcoholic mixtures
• Fluid Extracts - contain alcohol as cosolvent

Question 20

% of alcohol that is acceptable bactericidal concentration

Answer 20

70%

Question 21

% of alcohol that does not have any significant difference in bactericidal action

Answer 21

60 - 95%

Question 22

% of alcohol that also effective but requires longer contact time

Answer 22

60%

Question 23

% of alcohol that can be used safely for pre-operative sterilization of the skin

Answer 23

70%

Question 24

• or Absolute alcohol
• contains not less than 99% ethanol by weight

Answer 24

Dehydrated Alcohol

Question 25

• primarily used to disinfect the skin and surgical instruments • rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50% to 95% • a 40% concentration is considered to be equal in antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol • 2-propanol

Answer 25

Isopropyl Alcohol

Question 26

• C2H4O • used to sterilize temperature- sensitive medical equipment and certain pharmaceuticals that cannot be autoclaved MOA: ALKYLATION of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins by nucleophilic ring opening

Answer 26

Ethylene Oxide

Question 27

• forms explosive mixtures in air at concentrations ranging from 3% to 80% by volume • explosion hazzard is eliminated when gas is mixed with sufficient concentrations of carbon dioxide (Carboxide®) • carcinogenic

Answer 27

Ethylene Oxide

Question 28

• contains not less than 37% of formaldehyde with methanol added to retard polymerization • disinfectant, embalming fluid MOA: direct and nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional functional groups of proteins

Answer 28

Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)

Question 29

• sterilizing solution for equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved (for 30 mins)

Answer 29

Glutarol/ Glutaraldehyde (Cidex®)

Question 30

• the standard to which most germicidal substances are compared

Answer 30

Phenol, USP

Question 31

• defined as the ratio of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of bacterium Salmonella typhi • under carefully controlled conditions over a given period

Answer 31

Phenol Coefficient

Question 32

• Denature bacterial proteins at low concentrations • Lysis of bacterial cell membranes occurs at higher concentrations

Answer 32

Mode of Action of Phenol,USP

Question 33

• Carbolic Acid • was introduced as a surgical antiseptic by Joseph Lister • its use as either an antiseptic or disinfectant & is largely obsolete/corrosive to skin (Phenolated Calamine Lotion) • exhibits germicidal action, caustic to skin, exerts local anesthetic effects

Answer 33

Phenol

Question 34

• simply phenol containing 10% water

Answer 34

Liquefied Phenol

Question 35

• used in combination with camphor in liquid petrolatum as an external antiseptic and anti-irritant

Answer 35

p-Chlorophenol

Question 36

• a non-irritating antiseptic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties • marketed in a 2% concentration as shampoo • used topically for tinea infections such as athlete's foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch (Tinea curis)

Answer 36

p-Chloro-m-xylenol

Question 37

• used in concentrations 2 to 3% in soaps, detergent creams, lotions, and shampoos for various antiseptic uses

Answer 37

Hexachlorphene

Question 38

• a mixture of three isomeric cresols • an inexpensive antiseptic and disinfectant

Answer 38

Cresol

Question 39

• only useful as preservative

Answer 39

Chlorocresol

Question 40

• Isopropyl m-cresol • extracted from oil of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme, of the mint family) • has mild fungicidal properties and is used in alcohol solutions and in dusting powders for the treatment of tinea (ringworm) infections

Answer 40

Thymol

Question 41

• 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol • obtained primarily from clove oil • possesses both local anesthetic and antiseptic activity and can be directly applied on a piece of cotton to relieve toothaches • also used in mouthwashes because of its antiseptic property and pleasant taste

Answer 41

Eugenol

Question 42

• m-Dihydroxybenzene (resorcin) • a weak antiseptic • used in 1% to 3% solutions and in ointments and pastes in concentrations of 10% to 20% for the treatment of skin conditions such as ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis • a keratolytic agent (causes the stratum corneum of the skin to slough, opening the barrier to penetration for antifungal agents

Answer 42

Resorcinol

Question 43

• 4-Hexylresorcinol • an effective antiseptic, possessing both bactericidal and fungicidal properties • has surfactant properties, local anesthetic activity • formulated into throat lozenges because of its local anesthetic and antiseptic properties

Answer 43

Hexylresorcinol

Question 44

• their value as germicides depend upon the liberation of oxygen in the tissues (peroxides) and their ability to denature proteins (permanganates) • especially effective against anaerobic bacteria and can be used in cleansing wounds

Answer 44

Oxidizing Agents

Question 45

• bubbles that form during the liberation of oxygen help to dislodge debris • effectiveness is somewhat limited by its poor penetrability and transient action

Answer 45

Hydrogen Peroxide 2-3%

Question 46

• Gly-Oxide • a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide • liberates hydrogen peroxide when mixed in water • used as both antiseptic and disinfectant • preparation is especially effective in the treatment of oral ulcerations or in dental care

Answer 46

Carbamide Peroxide

Question 47

• Panoxyl® 2.5%, 5%, 10% • most effective topical OTC agent for the control of acne • both keratolytic and keratogenic agent MOA: induces proliferation of epithelial cells, leading to sloughing and repair S/E: dryness

Answer 47

Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide