Evaluating Personality Theories

Question 1

It is difficult to define because there is little common agreement on how the term should be used; someone’s public image

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

According to _____, Personality is something real within an individual that leads to characteristic behavior and thought

Answer 2

Gordon Allport

Question 3

According to _____, Personality or Self is an organized consistent pattern of perception of the I or Me that lies at the heart of an individual’s experiences

Answer 3

Carl Rogers

Question 4

According to ____, Personality is an unnecessary construct

Answer 4

B.F. Skinner

Question 5

According to, _____, Personality is largely unconscious, hidden, and unknown

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud

Question 6

refers to the act of viewing, contemplating, or thinking about something.

Answer 6

Theoria

Question 7

a set of abstract concepts developed about a group of facts or events in order to explain them

Answer 7

Theory

Question 8

Two traditions inform contemporary theories of personality. One stems from ____ and ____. The other stems from _____ and _____.

PL AR PA CP

Answer 8

Psychological Laboratories & Academic Research; Psychoanalysis & Clinical Psychology

Question 9

Study of personality usually focused on uncovering general principles of personality through research methods such as correlations and experiments

Answer 9

Academic Psychology

Question 10

it is typically conducted in an academic setting

Precursor: Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 10

Academic Psychology

Question 11

Study of personality primarily through research on individuals by way of methods such as case histories

Answer 11

Clinical Practice

Question 12

it is typically conducted in a psychotherapeutic or clinical environment
Precursor: Sigmund Freud

Answer 12

Clinical Practice

Question 13

Personality theorists work out of three complementary orientations: PSA

Answer 13

Philosophy, Science, and Arts

Question 14

personality theorists seek to explore assumptions about what it means to be a person

Answer 14

Philosophers

Question 15

they hope to develop a workable set of hypotheses that will help us understand human behavior

Answer 15

Scientists

Question 16

they seek to apply what is known about people and behavior to foster a better life

Answer 16

Artists

Question 17

The very act of theorizing, or thinking about what we see

Answer 17

Philosophical Assumptions

Question 18

some theorists believe that individuals basically have control over their behaviors and understand the motives behind them. Others believe that human behavior is basically determined by internal or external forces over which individuals have little, if any, control.

Answer 18

Freedom vs. Determinism

Question 19

theorists differ over whether inherited and inborn characteristics or factors in the environment have the more important influence on human behavior

Answer 19

Heredity vs. Environment

Question 20

some theorists believe that each individual is unique and cannot be compared with others. Others contend that people are basically very similar

Answer 20

Uniqueness vs. Universality

Question 21

proactive theories view human beings as acting on their initiative rather than simply reacting. The sources of behavior are perceived as lying within the individual, who does more than just react to stimuli from the outside world.

Answer 21

Proactivity vs. Reactivity

Question 22

do significant changes in personality and behavior occur throughout the course of a lifetime? If an individual is motivated, can genuine changes be affected in personality? Can we help others to change by restructuring their environment? Some personality theories are decidedly more optimistic and hopeful than others concerning these possibilities.

Answer 22

Optimism vs. Pessimism

Question 23

______ suggest that things are not necessarily what they appear to be. They are based on a special Epiphany, or a perception of essential meaning

Answer 23

Philosophical assumptions

Question 24

_______ tend to be global and do not allow for any exceptions. They often are implicit rather than explicit

Answer 24

Philosophical statements

Question 25

What are the criteria for Evaluating Philosophical Assumptions? CRCC

Answer 25

Coherence Relevance Comprehensiveness Compellingness

Question 26

based directly on observation

Answer 26

Empirical

Question 27

referring to the object of experience

Answer 27

Objective

Question 28

referring to an experience of seeing

Answer 28

Subjective

Question 29

A conclusion that something is true about many or all of the members of a certain class

Answer 29

Generalization

Question 30

specifies which behaviors are included in the concert

Answer 30

Operational definitions

Question 31

are imaginary or hypothetical and cannot be seen with the naked eye or even with sophisticated optical equipment, in order to explain what we observe

Answer 31

Scientific construct

Question 32

What are the Criteria for Evaluating Scientific statements? VUCPpS

Answer 32

``` Verifiability Usefulness Compatibility Predictive power Simplicity ```

Question 33

What are the three applications of Personality theory? ARP

Answer 33

Assessment Research Psychotherapy

Question 34

Two major approaches to assessing personality are: P & PT

Answer 34

Psychometric & Projective Techniques

Question 35

Three Primary Research Approaches used in personality are the: CA, PA, & EA

Answer 35

Clinical Approach, Psychometric Approach, and Experimental Approach

Question 36

the effort to apply the findings of personality theory in ways that will assist individuals and meet human goals

Answer 36

Psychotherapy

Question 37

means attending and healing

Answer 37

Therapeia

Question 38

Three major motives or goals of Psychotherapy: SM, EM, CM

Answer 38

Scholarly motive, Ethical motive, & Curative motive

Question 39

It considers therapy as a means of understanding the self and human nature

Answer 39

Scholarly motive

Question 40

was the tool of Freud for discovering truths about human nature

Answer 40

Psychoanalysis

Question 41

His goal was to help the individual acquire self-understanding and to develop a comprehensive theory of human nature. He developed Psychoanalysis as a method of research aimed at these ends and for discovering truths about human nature.

Answer 41

Sigmund Freud

Question 42

considers therapy as a means of helping the individual to change, improve, grow, and better the quality of life

Answer 42

Ethical motive

Question 43

His emphasis is on a climate created by the therapist that permits change to occur within the client rather than on cognitive understanding or the manipulation of behavior.

Answer 43

Carl Rogers

Question 44

aims directly at eliminating troublesome symptoms and substituting more suitable behavior.

Answer 44

Curative motive

Question 45

a model or concept of the world that is shared by the members of a community and that governs their activities

Answer 45

Paradigm

Question 46

- Scholarly therapies should be evaluated on the basis of their contributions to the understanding of the self and human nature - Ethical therapies should be evaluated in terms of the suitability of the climate they create for fostering change and life improvement - Curative therapies should be evaluated on the basis of symptom remission and number of cures

Answer 46

Evaluating Psychotherapy

Question 47

appearance, or manifestation

Answer 47

Epiphaneia