Event Materials and Facilities Construction Flashcards
(45 cards)
Permits for the Tents
applied through the Building and Construction Authority (BCA)
Depending on the tent size, event duration and event type, a temporary change of use permit must be applied through Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) if an outdoor temporary structure is set-up
Approval for the Tents
Tents are erected near the railway protection zones
An approval from LTA is required before temporary structure are erected
Types of Tents - Unframed tents
Unframed tents and marquees may use steel or aluminum poles.
Larger structure, steel truss “poles,” to provide the upward thrust required to resist the guy tensioning.
Types of Tents - Framed tents
May be supported by steel or aluminum portal or truss structures
Typically rectangular on plan
The fabric covering is typically supported by the framework, which is independently stable
4 Critical Elements
Anchors
Wind loading
Flame Retardancy of Materials
Textile Floor Covering for Marquees
4 Critical Elements - Anchors
Anchors are a critical aspect of marquee structure
The force that an anchor can withstand is:
Type of Ground
Moisture Content
Inclination of anchor
Depth of anchor
Type of anchor
——– not that important ——-
The type of ground on which the marquee structure is erected has a large influence on the pull-out force that an anchorage can withstand
For most soil types, steel pegs of an appropriate size are suitable. Loose, non-cohesive soils provide the least resistance
Helical or screw anchors or kentledges of an appropriate weight may be required. Concrete and similar bases will require specialist bolting systems of an appropriate capacity
4 Critical Elements - Wind Loading
The tent erection site should be sheltered from heavy wind condition
Crews should be trained in active safety management procedures and be well-equipped to carry them out.
If heavy winds are expected, the marquee should be double guyed.
If marquee is risk of collapsing:
The marquee and its immediate area should be cleared of the public
The marquee should be partially dismantled by lowing pole marquees to the ground and removing the canopy of frame marquees
4 Critical Elements - Flame Retardancy of Materials
Tent fabric and materials are flame retardant and fire-resistant
Fire safety requirements are applicable to tents and marquees especially where high crowds are expected
Materials that are non-durable flame retarded may affected by weathering.
Fabric should be treated with chemicals periodically to achieve the required level of flame retardancy
Testing should be done once every 2 years or where the fabric is showing signs of wear or tear due to repeated use. And test result must be suitably certified.
All tent / marquee roof & wall panels should be labelled:
-Name of operator Name of proofer / coater manufacturer
-Year of first use
-Flame Retardancy Standard application of fabric
4 Critical Elements - Textile Floor Covering for Marquees
Some floor coverings may react in the fire to produce large amounts of heat and smoke, although the rate of the surface spread of flame may be relatively slow
Environment may also have a significant effect on the burning behavior of materials, as the wind can cause a fire to spread more rapidly
It can also blow smoke into escape routes and affect the means of escape.
4 Critical Elements - Textile Floor Covering for Marquees May be Reusable Such as
coir or synthetic matting or disposable like lightweight polypropylene carpets.
Common Types of Tents
A-Shape Tent
Dome-Shape Tent
Single Slope Tent
Gazebo Tent
Common Types of Tents - Gazebo Marquees
Has a unique “pagoda-like” shape roof that is visible from every angle
Used in big and small events along the street and on open fields
Because of curved roof profile, this marquee is able to shed the rainwater very effectively.
Can be combined side by side to increase its roof coverage if needed
Common Types of Tents - Gazebo Marquees Advantages
Lightweight construction - Lifting by machinery is no required
Curved profile - Stylish and elegant appearance
Versatility in design - Used in big and small event
Common Types of Tents - A-Shape Tent
With single gradient pitched roof sloping in one or both sides depending on the size and layout of the tent on site
When the cross-sectional width of the tent is fixed, there would be no limit to the length of the tent as long as the ground permits.
Common Types of Tents - A-Shape Tent Advantages
Easy installation and dismantling, transportation and storage
Lightweight construction
Variety of shape and sizes
Tent coverage can be extended by allowing a single slop tent to add-on
Common Types of Tents - Dome Shaped Tent
Similar to A-shape Tent except that it peaks is round
It is semi-circle and gives a better appearance as compared to the A-Shape Tent
Slightly more difficult to set-up due to it shapes.
Components are slightly different as the steel members are manufactured with a curve profile so that the “ultimate” circular pattern will be achieved.
Installation and fixing are similar to A-Shape Tent where members are connect with bolts and nuts.
Common Types of Tents - Truss Roof Tent
Made of specially designed, fabricated and assembled truss and beams
Allow the roof to be of much larger span, height and strong enough to carry heavier loads under the roof ceiling.
Four corner masts will be used to provide the support of the roof at the four corners of the stage or covered area.
As this roof is large and heavy, the assembly of the whole roof could be done at ground level or stage level.
After all the rigging of members and hanging of fixtures and fittings are done, the trussed roof is hoisted up to the top of the masts by wires or motorised hoists which are installed near the top or the masts.
Curved Barrier Advantages
Dissipate audience surges away from the center of the stage
Assists means of escape
Provide a wider front row sight line
Improves performer safety by placing a greater distance between the stage and barrier, therefore making it difficult for attendees to reach the stage
Provides a wider area for stewards and first aiders to operate within the pit ( area between the stage and front of stage barriers is called pit )
Design Consideration for Grandstand
Should be designed in accordance with the appropriate standards and Code of Practices.
The layout of the spectator deck must provide for the safe ingress and egress of spectators
Barriers to the perimeter of the structure and within the spectator deck must be provided to protect people from falling
The supporting structure of the grandstand must resist the static and dynamic forces
Design Consideration for Grandstand Depend:
- Number of spectator seating planned for
- Seating requirement and arrangement
- Seating areas, walkway / gangway requirements
- Any special equipment
Design Consideration for Grandstand - Seating Layout
A seating place is required to provide a minimum “viewing standard” together with a sufficient level of safety for the spectator body
“viewing standard” refers to the ability of spectators to see a pre-determined local point in the activity area. Also known as a “straight line”.
Seating must be fixed firmly to the ground, floor or decking.
Shall be an unobstructed way or space of at least 300mm between the back of one row of seats and the row of seat immediately behind it
Maximum number of chairs in a roll shall not exceed 12 for aisle on one side and 28 for aisle on two sides.
The seating area assigned to each people shall not be less than:
- 700mm deep ( with backrest )
- 600 mm deep ( with no backrest )
- 500 mm wide ( with arm rest )
- 450 mm wide ( with no arm rest )
Design Consideration for Grandstand - Means of Escape
Any escape from a grandstand should be integrated with the building space in which the grandstand is located.
The grandstand should not obstruct fire exits or limit the width of fire escape routes.
The escape routes shall have a minimum width of 1.2 m and must be unobstructed at all times.
Exit from the grandstand should be evenly distributed and adequate so that spectators can evacuate during emergencies
A minimum of 2 exits and each exit shall be at least 1m wide
The exits should allow spectators to reach a place of safety place or a final exit safely, without local overloading
Staircases or passageways within grandstands should be of minimum 1.2m width and should not narrow into “funnels” so as to cause crowds to compress on their journey to the final exit.
Handrails of adequate strength is to be provided
The minimum height of handrails should be 1m high unless stated
All decking, aisles and steps on grandstand should be made from or covered with non-slip materials and have adequate non-slip, light colour step nosing
Design Consideration for Grandstand - Fire Safety Requirements
Exit doors shall open in the direction of egress
The door accessories such as handlers used for keeping the door closed shall readily give way upon light pressure being applied by one person from the inside
Fire extinguisher ( Product Standard Bureau - PSB approved type ) shall be provided at suitable position, permitted by the local authorities, and shall be properly labelled and serviced at least once a year
Artificial lighting and fire extinguishing equipment, if provided are to be provided to the satisfaction of the fire authority
Cooking is not allowed in, or within 9m of the grandstand structure
Smoking is not allowed within the structure and the venue operator shall take all reasonable precautions
Loose or flammable materials should not be left in, on or near grandstand
Generators, if provided, shall have at least 2 fire extinguishers (PSB approved) placed in the vicinity of the generators.
Design Consideration for Grandstand - Fire Safety Requirements
Exit doors shall open in the direction of egress
The door accessories such as handlers used for keeping the door closed shall readily give way upon light pressure being applied by one person from the inside
Fire extinguisher ( Product Standard Bureau - PSB approved type ) shall be provided at suitable position, permitted by the local authorities, and shall be properly labelled and serviced at least once a year
Artificial lighting and fire extinguishing equipment, if provided are to be provided to the satisfaction of the fire authority
Cooking is not allowed in, or within 9m of the grandstand structure
Smoking is not allowed within the structure and the venue operator shall take all reasonable precautions
Loose or flammable materials should not be left in, on or near grandstand
Generators, if provided, shall have at least 2 fire extinguishers (PSB approved) placed in the vicinity of the generators.