Events

Question 1

Russian-Ukraine war 2022

Answer 1

-impacted global gas supply
-Russia supplied 40% of EUS natural gas
-western nations imposed sanctions on russia
-Russia reduced gas exports in response
-high natural gas prices in Europe
-china increased imports from Russia at discount

Question 2

1973 oil crisis

Answer 2

-irael in war with Egypt led to price of crude to rise massively
-triggered a stock market crash
-Arab oil producers imposed an embargo
-to punish west in response to support Israel in the war against Egypt
-petrol prices rose
-in uk 3 day week

Question 3

Saudi Arabia reserves

Answer 3

-vast oil reserves
-Arabian Plates submerged under ancient seas accumulated organic matter
-Minimal oxygen so organic matter rich without decay
-Porous rocks so can store oil trapping it in reservoirs
-Shale and salt layers prevent oil escaping
Faults
Plates compression and folding
Conventional methods of extraction

Question 4

US reserves

Answer 4

Ancient seas, continental rift zones and sedimentary basins
Smaller oil reserves
Required hydraulic fracturing due to tight formations

Question 5

Kenya

Answer 5

80% generated from low carbon sources of geothermal, hydro, wind and solar
East African rift system where tha African plate is slowly splitting
Due to tectonic movement magma from mantle rise heating surrounding rocks
Leads to formation of geothermal reservoirs
Drilling into these reservoirs allows for extraction of steam used to generate electricity

Question 6

China driving to maturity

Answer 6

-from low cost manufacturing to advanced industries like tech
-heavy investment (electrical vehicles)
-largest investor in renewable
-rapid urban growth
-worlds largest energy consumer
-coal a significant energy source
-rising middle class consumption patterns

Question 7

Kenya takeoff

Answer 7

-significant investment in transport etc
-increasing lit rates
-urban growth
-increased reliance on renewable
-energy demand rising but still low
-industrial expansion
-increase flow of foreign direct investment

Question 8

Gazprom

Answer 8

-Russia state owned energy giant
-supplied 30% global natural gas imports
-disruption due to invasion of Ukraine
-influencer size and demand of potential markets
-shift to Asia and Europe looking to diversify

Question 9

OPEC

Answer 9

Control over oil production and pricing
Balances global demands
13 members
Oil-exporting countries which meet regularly to decide how much crude oil to sell in the world market
Produce about 30% of worlds crude oil
OPEC+ when oil prices are low to balance the market
Saudi Arabia largest

Question 10

Zubayr

Answer 10

City of 2 million next to biggest oil field in Iraq
Bad health
Undeveloped
Oil 90% iraqs income

Question 11

Cambridge

Answer 11

Energy efficient housing
Rainwater recycled
3000 homes 50% are university staff made affordable
Electric bus system

Question 12

Energy crisis UK 2020

Answer 12

Russia cut natural gas supplies to countries in EU by over 80% because of opposition to invasion

Question 13

Tar sands

Answer 13

Drills burrow into oil sands steam pumped in to liquefy oil
Energy intensive
Emits greenhouse gas

Question 14

Deep water horizon oil spill

Answer 14

BP
2010 rig explosion
Killed 11 workers
Worst environmental disaster in US history
4.9 billion barrels
$60 billion on fines
Gulf of Mexico

Question 15

Coals reserves

Answer 15

Large reserves in US and China and they both large consumers
Declining use in older industrial countries of Europe
Increase use in India and China
Dirty, bulky and difficult to transport

Question 16

Oil reserves

Answer 16

Concentrated in Middle East holds over 50% crude oil such as SA and Iraq
OPEC members produce 75%
Used for transport

Question 17

Natural gas reserves

Answer 17

USA, Russia and China
Russia has largest share of
Most flexible and clean fossil fuel
Most transported direct to consumers by pipeline

Question 18

Iceland geothermal

Answer 18

90% of heating needs from geothermal
25% electricity
Only country that is 100% renewable
Mid-Atlantic ridge
Taps into earth natural heat
Mountainous terrain make it ideal for hydroelectric power generation
Mid Atlantic ridge where North American and Eurasian tectonic plates meet
No fossil fuels

Question 19

Trans Siberian pipeline

Answer 19

Gas exports controlled through pipelines
Funded by German, French and japenese banks
Now partially owned by Ukraine which 80% of gas Russia exports to Western Europe crosses it

Question 20

Primary and secondary energy

Answer 20

-unconverted or original fuels such as natural gas
-resources that have been converted or stored such as gasoline

Question 21

Nuclear

Answer 21

Clean and very powerful used for electricity generation
Expensive
Kazakhstan produce over 40% of world uranium
China could alone build 300 more stations by 2050

Question 22

Energy demand

Answer 22

Highest in industrialised and developed countries such as US, China and Europe
To meet demands for transport, heating and electricity
Emerging economies are experiencing a rapid increase in demand due to urbanisation and industrialisation

Question 23

Energy mix

Answer 23

The composition of different primary energy sources used to provide for the demand in a country

Question 24

Paris climate agreement

Answer 24

2015
Trump vowed to withdraw Paris climate agreement to tackle climate change
Boost oil and gas production
Bring prices down

Question 25

Practical action

Answer 25

PRACTICAL ACTION Microhydro power scheme Charity who uses appropriate tech Over 100 projects helping over 900,000 people Small scale gathering energy from falling water Micro hydro power in Kenya Abundant water resources steep terrain of highland System is well suited for rural and off-grid areas Minimal environmental impact

Question 26

TNCS

Answer 26

significant impact on energy mixes TNCs often prioritise extraction and development of oil coal and natural gas Contribute to energy infrastructure

Question 27

Carbon capture and storage

Answer 27

Capturing CO2 emissions transporting it and storing it underground in geological formations High costs, potential risks of leakage

Question 28

The boundary dam project, Canada

Answer 28

First large scale CCS on a coal-fired power plant 2014 Captured 1 m tonnes of CO2 per year Stored underground in a deep saline aquifer Reduced plants CO2 emissions by 90% per year

Question 29

Seafields

Answer 29

Uk based company in the Atlantic Ocean Fast-growing seaweed species which naturally absorbs CO2 during its growth once harvested seaweed is processed into valuable products such as bioplastics and biofuels

Question 30

Uk windfarm

Answer 30

Hornsea 2 Worlds largest operational offshore wind farm Since 2022 Generates enough electricity to power 1.4 million homes annually Strong consistent winds Shallow waters suitable for installation

Question 31

Norilsk

Answer 31

Worlds biggest mining complex Contaminated air and water with SO2 Vegetation completely dead within an 8km radius Nickel that Electric vehicle industry leader like Tesla seek

Question 32

Carbfix Iceland

Answer 32

CO2 is captured from hellisheioi geothermal power plant and injected into basalt rocks Co2 reacts with rock to from minerals locking carbon away for millennial