Everage's FINAL chance to sit on our faces Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What color should dark room be painted?
A
white
2
Q
3 eq. of things associated with ALARA:
A
Time, distance, shielding (cardinal principals)
3
Q
Male that recived radiation who had AS experienced
A
Leukemia
4
Q
State the relationship between grid ratio and exposure
A
Direct
5
Q
Of radical induced cancers, Which has shortest latent period?
A
Leukemia only 7 years
6
Q
Upper cervical practitioners, what grid do you need?
A
8:1
7
Q
Give eq. of RAD reduced response that follows threshold response
A
Cataracts
8
Q
This type of grid with strips that converge with angle of ray
A
Divergence
9
Q
Which way do you angle Central Ray with linear grid
A
vertical
10
Q
What grid permits least degree of error?
A
high ratio in terms of lateral angle
11
Q
State 2 of 3 grid Motions
A
Reciprocate, Single Stroke, Oscalating
12
Q
Can pregnant women take xrays?
A
yes
13
Q
Define reproducibility?
A
Ability to produce same output (visible image) within 5%
14
Q
Why should processor lid be open when turned off?
A
To prevent cross contamination due to evaporation
15
Q
In this Processing agent, hydraconen is used as a ________ agent
A
developer
16
Q
Black tree light found due to low humidity and _______.
A
static electricity
17
Q
Random effect due to RAD like cancer is called
A
stocastic
18
Q
Describe effect of using oxidized developer on Non-threshold Effect:
A
a) Density is Dec. b) Contrast is Dec. (Gets Whiter)
19
Q
White areas on film due to:
A
photoelectric absorption
20
Q
What type of tissue is most likely to undergo photoelectric absorption:
A
bone enamal
21
Q
% of time that 1º beam aimed at one wall
A
use factor
22
Q
This term defined between of lead strips/lead interspace
A
grid ratio
23
Q
State Opt. KVP Spine
A
70-90
24
Q
State Opt. KVP extremities
A
50-60 if non bucky
25
At what KV is it necessary to use bucky grid?
60
26
Why is problem to use bucky if don’t need one?
increase exposure
27
14x17 is largest film size, what grid ratio should you purchace?
10:1
28
purpose of floating lid
To catches oxidized developer from hurting film
29
Relationship SID and Distortion
indirect
30
This mutation is unique to RAD exposure
none
31
Can human cells recover from RAD damage?
yes
32
Latent Image?
invisible image of film before processing
33
latitude?
the ability to allow for error (forgiveness)
34
Hypo is another name for:
fixer
35
The current cumulative lifetime MPD formula
age * 1
36
Where do you wear a personal disimone
collar
37
State time, temp. method of manual processing
5 min. @ 68º
38
Developer temp. is 72º, how long do you develop
4 min
39
How do you install safe light filter?
Read words from left to right…b/c of gelatin must be away from the bulb
40
Film emulsion has these crystals suspended in gelatin
Silver halide crystals
41
Oxidized developer looks like
Coke or used motor oil
42
Proper name for film grainyness
quantom Mottel
43
How do you Dec. Q. Mottel
decrease system speed (dec. film screen speed)
44
What another way to decrease Q. Mottel
use higher mAs
45
Describe effect of crossover on blur
Inc. Blur (crossover = light striking through all parts of screen as it crosses through.
46
This type of contrast produced by High KVP, Low MAS techniques
long scale
47
What occurs if film screen contact occurs?
fog and blur
48
How far should safe light be from bench
4 feet
49
Relationship between film screen system speed and sharpness
inverse
50
Where is floating lid located?
on top of developer
51
Floating lid is in the replenishment tank
true
52
What does developer roller look like:
rubbery and the other one is wood
53
State max safelight bulb
15 watt
54
Where is hardener found in automatic developing
fixer and developer
55
State annual MPD for extremities
50 REM
56
State annual MPD for general public:
.1 REM
57
State annual MPD for occupational
5 REM
58
MPD for pregnant
.5 REM/gestation period
59
Give the 3 factors that produce scatter
Collimation, KVP, and Patient Thickness
60
What would overdeveloped look like
Dark
61
What causes small white specks on film
dirty screen
62
Purpose of control badge
Monitors transport RAD
63
Name of XRAY reaction with matter, Fog
compton scatter
64
As FFD, TFD, & SID Inc. blur does what
Decrease
65
What is grid frequency:
of strips/ cm
66
Why is advantages to have high grid frequency
Don’t need moving grid and no lines on the film
67
Undesirable absorption of 1º beam XRAYs
grid cut-off
68
Describe appearance of grid cut off due to lateral exposure
light on one side
69
Describe grid cut off when CR is off center
underexposed on one side
70
Describe grid cut off SID is too Short
underexposed on both sides
71
Describe grid cut off SID is too Long
underexposed on both sides
72
Out of total filtration required, how much added by manufactor
2mm A1 equivilant
73
Out of total filtration required, how much is considered
0.5 mm
74
Name 5 RAD protection devices
Shelding, collimation, Inc. developed system speed, opt. KVP, filters, intensifying screens
75
This color safe light is used with other chromatic (green) film
GBX Red
76
Describe degree and direction with crosshatch grid
perpendicular and no angle
77
State level of fetal exposure under which no therapudic absorption is ecomended
below 10 RAD
78
Leakage Radiation
not from port
79
10 day rule (selective scheduling)
X-ray the first ten days following 1st day of period
80
Controlled area, Area where people work near XRAY or something like that:
85. Can have 10x RAD that uncontrolled can have
81
Results in innershell radiation
photoelectric absorption
82
What cause processed radiosgraphs to Δ color with age
too much fixer
83
Proper range of humidity for film storage
40-60%
84
6 RAD induced malignancy
Leukemia, Skin Cancer, Thyroid, Bone, Lung, and Breast.
85
Example of radiation induced response relationship threshold dose relationship
Cataracts and sterility
86
3 factors that influence compton scatter interaction
Kv bt 60 and 125 , thickness, collimated field size
87
Male therapy for ankylosing spondolytis increases in
Increases in leukemia
88
2 devices to reduce scatter radiation
Bucky grid and collimator, compresision band
89
-mutation unique to radiation exposure
none
90
SID relationship to magnification
inversely related
91
5 radiation induced malignancies associated with radiation
Thyroid, and breast, skin, bone, lung
92
x-ray interaction that results in inner shell ionization
photoelectric absorption
92
1 disadvantage of using bucky grid
increase exposure
93
silver halide converted to black metallic silver
developer
94
where is a personal dissimeter worn
On collar or outside the apron
95
state the whole body MPD per year exposure
5 REM
96
causes sharp white very sharp specks on film
dust or litter on film or screen
97
safe light filter required for rare earth screen comb.
red
98
orthrochromatic refers to this type of film
Rare earth type, green sensitive
99
describe degree of central ray angulation used with a crossed hatch grid
None, must be perpendicular
100
this type of grid is designed so that the strip coincides with the beam
focused
101
what is leakage radiation
Radiation from tube housing other than 1 port
102
level of fetal exp. below which not therapeutic abortion recommended
10 RAD
103
cutoff of using improper SID
Underexposed on both sides
104
purpose of tissue compression
To decrease scatter and exposure
105
this process turns radiograph yellow with stain
Fixer/hypo retention, too long in the fixer
106
clean and intensifying screen
Gauze, manufacturers recommend wipe in 1 direction
107
what effect would excess developer temp rad
Radiograph would be too dark, overexposed
108
excess time in developer look like
Overexposed, black
109
use of oxidized developer would result in a radiograph that would be
Underexposure
110
open a cassette in daylight
purple
111
-open a cassette in daylight, and process
black
112
film out of film bin into processor
clear blue
113
why bluish tint to film base
Easier on eyes, cuts down glare
114
stage of processing latent is converted to manifested image
developer
115
purpose of fixer
clears off undeveloped crystals
116
PBL device?
Positive beam limitation, collimator is the device
117
interaction with matter results in fog
compton scatter
118
purpose of airgap technique
Decrease scatter, without grid to reduce exposure
119
HQ is used as a reducing agent in..
In developer
120
-thiosulfate used as a clearing agent in
fixer
121
relationship b/t system speed and exposure
inc system speed decrease rad exposure
122
-relationship b/t speed and sharpness
Sharper at a slower speed
123
-relationship b/t crossover exposure and sharpness
Increase crossover decrease sharpness
124
relationship b/t film contrast and film latitude
High contrast is opposite of long latitude=film responds to wide range of useful density
125
-MPD for extremities annual MPD
50 REM per year
126
-occurs of film screen contact is poor
Blurring b/c light is allowed to spread
127
What device is used to test for film screen contact?
a copper screen, wire mesh
128
Type of luminescence appropriate for intensifying screens?
Green/yellow, rare earth type
129
What type of luminescence do our screen exhibit?
flurescence
130
What do you call the percentage of time a primary beam is aimed at a particular wall?
use factor
131
Which is most consistent with quantum mottel?
higher speed
132
Old formula for determining the maximum cumulative exposure for a occupationally exposed in person?
5(n-18)
133
Developer converts silver halide to?
black metallic silver
134
What is reproducibility?
It is the ability to produce same image with same mA, time and KVP
135
What happens if the thickness of the object and size when comptom scatter increases and KVP?
increases
136
Describe classical scatter in terms of energy loss and change of direction
The photon strikes the atom, it interacts with the outer shell and gives up no energy but does change direction
137
What two probabilities that an electron will undergo photoelectric absorption interaction?
a) low energy b) high atomic number
138
Archival quality of film is established in this stage of processing?
fixer
139
How often are firm badges monitored?
monthly
140
TLD badges?
every three months
141
At this level of exposure no genetic or somatic damage occurs
none
142
Film badge reports express occupationally exposed persons dosage in these units?
Millirem/seivert
143
Improper grid radius results in this pattern of grid cutoff? Unilateral or bilateral?
Bilateral
144
Describe SID and sharpness relationship?
SID increases, sharpness increases
145
Define what is PBL?
Positive Beam Limitation, it is a collimator
146
Two purposes of fixing?
a) to clear off undeveloped silver halide b) harden film
147
Remnant radiation is?
Rays that interact and make the image, transmitted and scattered rays.
148
What is the relationship between the reflective layer and screen speed?
The reflective layer and redirect isotropic rays going away from the film, more light make it to the film so the speed of the system is greater
149
what is the effect of reflective layer on sharpness?
decrease
150
This color safe light filter is required for rare earth film screen combinations?
Red, GBX
151
Central ray may be angled in this direction when using a linear grid?
In the direction of the strips, in our case, cephalad and caudal
152
Three advantages of tissue compression?
Reduced scatter, less exposure, improves contrast, improves detail, can decrease ovarian disease
153
Total filtration is?
.5 mm inherent, 2mm aluminum equiv.= 2.5 mm equiv.
154
Why is a cross hatch grid not recommended?
Less margin of error and you have to aim the beam perfectly, no angling in any direction, much more sensitive to short or long SID’s
155
Ground the film loading bench, why?
to avoid static
156
Where is the hardener found manual processing?
in the fixer
157
What is TVL.?
Tenth value layer, thickness of a material that will reduce the intensity of the beam to one tenth it’s value
158
Effect of using oxidized developer on density and contrast
Density decreases and contrast decrease
159
Effect of using a higher than appropriate developing temperature on both density and contrast
Density increases, contrast decreases
160
Dark room should not be painted this color?
Black, need color to reflect safe light
161
Silver is reclaimed from?
the fixer
162
Full spine x-rays are taken with what grid?
12:1
163
This type of effect is a random effect from chronic low dose exposure?
stochastic
164
What different types of exposure are allowed in a controlled area vs uncontrolled?
Primarily occupied by radiation workers, people who also may have a benefit rather than a risk. The controlled area can received up to 10 times the exposure of uncontrolled area
165
Relationship between grid ration and radiation exposure?
Higher the ratio, the more exposure, higher grid ration, less consistent with ALARA
166
According to Gurney-Mott theory, this is the latent image formation center?
sensitivity spec
167
With upper cervical technique, what is the recommended grid ratio?
8:1
168
Regular full spine (14 x 17), what is ratio
10:1
169
In order from most sensitivity to least
WBC and RBC, Epithelial cells, muscle and nerve cells
170
Two benefits to using compensating filtration?
Less exposure to the patient and a more uniform density on the film
171
Linearity?
The ability to change mA and time and get the same amount of mAs
172
your appropriate effective radiation dose is: (spine)
1.5 mSV (15 REM)
173
your appropriate effective radiation dose is: (extremity)
0.001 mSv (.0001 REM)
174
Comparable to natural background radiation for: (spine)
3 hours
175
Comparable to natural background radiation for: (extremities)
7 weeks
176
additional lifetime risk of fatal cancer from examination: (spine)
very low
177
additional lifetime risk or fatal cancer from exam: (extremities)
negligible
