Everthing Flashcards
1
Q
What do plants require for growth?
A
Plants require space, light, water, nutrients, and suitable temperature.
2
Q
How does climate influence agriculture?
A
The climate influences what crops can be grown where.
3
Q
What are economies of scale in agriculture?
A
Economies of scale refer to whether one can make money off of making a crop.
4
Q
What happens if crops are not profitable?
A
If crops are not profitable, they will not be made for commercial use.
5
Q
What is mechanized agriculture?
A
Mechanized agriculture allows the carrying capacity of land to increase with higher yields per land unit.
6
Q
What is environmental possibilism?
A
Environmental possibilism is the idea that people can change the environment to get more food.
7
Q
What characterizes intensive agriculture?
A
Intensive agriculture requires a lot of labor and capital, usually in small plots of land close to population centers.
8
Q
What are examples of intensive agriculture?
A
Examples include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems.
9
Q
What characterizes extensive agriculture?
A
Extensive agriculture requires less labor and capital, involves large plots of land away from population centers, and has low yield per unit of land.
10
Q
What are examples of extensive agriculture?
A
Examples include livestock ranching, shifting cultivation, and nomadic herding.
11
Q
What is shifting cultivation?
A
Shifting cultivation, also known as slash and burn agriculture, involves land being burnt for nutrients.
12
Q
What is commercial agriculture?
A
Commercial agriculture involves crops being sold for money, typically using machines instead of people.
13
Q
Where is commercial agriculture more common?
A
Commercial agriculture is more common in More Developed Countries (MDCs) than Less Developed Countries (LDCs).
14
Q
What is subsistence agriculture?
A
Subsistence agriculture involves crops produced to eat by the producers of the food.
15
Q
Where is subsistence agriculture more common?
A
Subsistence agriculture is more common in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) than More Developed Countries (MDCs).
16
Q
What is extensive subsistence agriculture?
A
Extensive subsistence agriculture uses less machinery and has small land plots.
17
Q
What is intensive subsistence agriculture?
A
Intensive subsistence agriculture is labor intensive and uses less technology.
18
Q
What is extensive commercial agriculture?
A
Extensive commercial agriculture uses more machinery and has large land plots.
19
Q
What is intensive commercial agriculture?
A
Intensive commercial agriculture is labor intensive and uses more technology.
20
Q
What is extensive-intensive commercial agriculture?
A
Extensive-intensive commercial agriculture has high machinery costs and large land size.
21
Q
What happens to farms in MDCs over time?
A
Over time, the number of farms declines, but the size of the farms that remain increases.
22
Q
What is monocropping?
A
Monocropping is planting a single type of crop in a field.
23
Q
What are agribusinesses?
A
Agribusinesses conduct commercial agriculture with a lot of technology.
24
Q
How do small farmers interact with agribusinesses?
A
Small farmers contract with or sell land to companies and give crops to the company.
25
What do agribusinesses control?
Agribusinesses control all parts of the production process, from buying crops to selling products.
26
What are complex commodity chains?
Complex commodity chains allow agribusinesses to control every aspect of agriculture.
27
What is a clustered/nucleated settlement?
In a clustered/nucleated settlement, buildings are close together and people get small plots of land.
28
What is a dispersed settlement?
In a dispersed settlement, buildings are spread out and people get large plots of land.
29
What is a linear settlement?
In a linear settlement, buildings are in a line, usually around rivers or roads.
30
What is the metes and bounds surveying method?
Metes and bounds involves irregular shapes based on natural features.
31
What is the long lots surveying method?
Long lots are long, rectangular spaces of land around a transportation route.
32
What is the township and range surveying method?
Township and range divides the country into squares of 16 square miles.
33
What is the significance of the 1st Agricultural Revolution?
The 1st Agricultural Revolution happened around 12,000 years ago and allowed people to settle down and use tools.
34
What are agricultural hearths?
Agricultural hearths are regions where agriculture originated, such as the Fertile Crescent and Southeast Asia.
35
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange connected the plants of America, Africa, and Europe.
36
What was the 2nd Agricultural Revolution?
The 2nd Agricultural Revolution happened in the 1800s, started in Britain, and was caused by the Industrial Revolution.
37
What technologies were invented during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution?
Technologies included the steel plow, McCormick harvester, seed drill, and grain elevator.
38
What are the advantages of the 2nd Agricultural Revolution?
Advantages include more crop yield with less labor and higher life expectancies.
39
What are the disadvantages of the 2nd Agricultural Revolution?
Disadvantages include a gap between MDCs and LDCs due to unequal access to technologies.
40
What are the major traits of the Green Revolution?
Major traits include high-yield genetically modified organisms, increased use of chemicals, and hybrid seeds.
41
What are the positive effects of the Green Revolution?
Positive effects include cheaper food, lower death rates from starvation, and surplus food production.
42
What are the negative effects of the Green Revolution?
Negative effects include the decline of family farms, marginalization of women, and environmental issues.
43
What does the Bid-Rent Theory state?
The Bid-Rent Theory states that the cost of land is determined by its proximity to the marketplace.
44
What is the Von Thunen Model?
The Von Thunen Model accounts for transportation costs and the increase in costs away from the market.
45
What are the concentric rings in the Von Thunen Model?
The concentric rings represent different agricultural purposes, such as perishable goods and livestock.
46
What are some problems with the Von Thunen Model?
Problems include unequal land, multiple markets, new transportation methods, and perishability concerns.
47
What is the global system of agriculture?
The global system of agriculture is part of a global supply chain involving export commodities.
48
What are food deserts?
Food deserts are large areas without access to healthy foods, often dominated by fast food.
49
What are some consequences of agricultural practices?
Consequences include pollution, desertification, deforestation, and soil salinization.
50
What is urban farming?
Urban farming is farming done in cities, creating a fresh, sustainable source of food.
51
What is Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)?
CSA is when farmers sell shares of crops to local consumers, reducing transportation costs.
52
What is organic farming?
Organic farming provides healthier lifestyles and is better for the environment.
53
What is the Fair Trade Movement?
The Fair Trade Movement aims to give economic benefits to local farmers rather than corporations.
54
What are value-added specialty crops?
Value-added specialty crops are enhanced for longer shelf life and higher value.
55
What is the locavore/local-food movement?
The locavore movement promotes buying food locally.
56
What is food insecurity?
Food insecurity occurs when people cannot be sure if they will have access to food.
57
What are food distribution systems?
Food distribution systems can be affected by adverse weather, poor transportation, and inefficient government.
58
What are some societal effects of agricultural practices?
Societal effects include changing diets, the role of women, and the economic purpose of agriculture.
59
What can prevent food from reaching markets?
Adverse weather conditions may prevent food from reaching markets before spoiling or may destroy crops altogether.
60
How do transportation networks affect food distribution?
Poorer quality transportation networks and infrastructure may prevent food from being transported to the market in time.
61
What role do government systems play in food distribution?
Inefficient government systems can prevent food from reaching markets in time.
62
How does urban expansion affect agriculture?
As cities expand, there is less land for farms, making agriculture harder.
## Footnote
As the city expands, the lands near the city also increase in price (bid-rent theory).
63
How does culture impact women's roles in agriculture?
Traditional societies might assign certain tasks to men and certain tasks to women.
64
What effect does urbanization and mechanization have on women in agriculture?
Urbanization and mechanization of agriculture causes women to work in factories with tasks such as canning food instead.
65
What is the trend of female engagement in agriculture in developed countries?
In more developed countries, there is more female engagement in agriculture and more female land ownership.
66
What biases exist against women in agriculture?
Traditional societies have biases against women doing certain tasks or having certain rights.
67
How do less developed countries affect women's access to food?
Less developed countries give women less access to food.
## Footnote
In times of famine, men would be more likely to get food rather than women.
68
What initiated the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain and diffused through Europe and North America.
69
What facilitated the Industrial Revolution?
New technologies allowed industry to move from homes to factories, producing goods faster and cheaper, and new transportation technology enabled large-scale shipping.
70
What socioeconomic changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
There was a rise of the middle class, and whole families, including children, began to work.
71
What did industries seek during the Industrial Revolution?
Industries sought new markets and raw materials, contributing to colonialism.
72
What are the primary characteristics of the primary sector?
The primary sector extracts resources and is more common in periphery and semi-periphery countries.
73
What defines the secondary sector?
The secondary sector processes resources and is more common in semi-periphery countries.
74
What is the focus of the tertiary sector?
The tertiary sector provides services and is more common in core countries.
75
What does the quaternary sector involve?
The quaternary sector processes information and manages people's money, including finance, insurance, and real estate, and is mostly exclusive to core countries.
76
What is the quinary sector?
The quinary sector includes executives such as business leaders or elected government officials and is mostly exclusive to core countries.
77
What is Wallerstein’s World Theory System?
It categorizes countries into core (MDC), periphery (LDC), and semi-periphery (developing) and illustrates their interdependence.
78
What are the three tiers in Wallerstein's model?
1. Periphery - low education, low wages, but has natural resources. 2. Semi-periphery - rising education and wages but still exploited. 3. Core - higher education and wages, more technology.
79
What is the significance of BRIC(S) countries?
BRIC(S) countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and possibly South Africa) are important semi-periphery countries predicted to dominate the world economy.
80
What is Weber’s Least Cost Theory?
It analyzes industrial location based on transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration.
81
What is a break of bulk point?
It is where bulk cargo changes mode of transport.
82
What are Export Processing Zones (EPZs)?
EPZs are areas where materials can be brought in for production and then shipped away, such as maquiladoras near the US-Mexico border.
83
What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
HDI measures a country's development based on standard of living, life expectancy, and access to education.
84
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
GDP is the total monetary value of all output goods and services in a country in a year.
85
What does Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) indicate?
PPP measures the cost of goods and is used to assess the standard of living in countries.
86
What is the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?
GII measures female empowerment, women in the labor force, and reproductive health, with lower values indicating better gender equality.
87
How does economic development affect women?
As countries develop, they tend to provide more equality for women, especially in democratic nations.
88
What are micro loans?
Micro loans are small amounts provided to women by individuals or NGOs to help them start small businesses.
89
What are the stages of Rostow’s Theory?
Rostow's Theory includes five stages: 1. Traditional Society, 2. Conditions Ready to Take Off, 3. Takeoff, 4. Drive to Maturity, 5. Age of Mass Consumption.
90
What is Dependency Theory?
Dependency Theory posits that periphery and semi-periphery countries depend on core countries for commodity purchases.
91
What is the concept of comparative advantage?
Comparative advantage occurs when one side can produce something with fewer resources, leading to specialization.
92
What is neoliberalism?
Neoliberalism advocates for free trade and less restriction on trade policies, favoring private control over public.
93
What are technopoles?
Technopoles are hubs for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing that attract educated labor.
94
What is sustainable development?
Sustainable development aims to address issues like natural resource depletion and pollution, often measured by the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
95
What is ecotourism?
Ecotourism is a form of sustainable development focused on preserving natural beauty and providing local jobs.
96
What does culture provide for people?
Identity
97
What are cultural traits?
Shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors of a society
98
Examples of cultural traits?
Food, preferences, architecture, and land uses
99
What is ethnicity?
People that share history/experiences
100
What is race?
People biologically similar
101
What is an ethnic religion?
A religion that doesn’t diffuse much and usually stays in its hearth
102
Examples of ethnic religions?
Judaism, Hinduism
103
What is a universal religion?
A religion that diffuses rapidly and seeks converts
104
Examples of universal religions?
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
105
What is folk culture?
Local, homogeneous culture
106
What is popular culture?
International, heterogeneous culture
107
What are language families?
Languages derived from a common ancestor millennia ago
108
Example of a language family?
Indo-European Language Family
109
What is ethnonationalism?
Judging other cultures based on your own
110
What is cultural relativism?
Judging other cultures based on their norms
111
What is xenophobia?
Hatred of people that are different from you
112
What is the cultural landscape?
The influence of human culture on the landscape
113
What is a cultural hearth?
The origin of a culture
114
What is cultural diffusion?
The spread of culture from its hearth
115
What physical features influence culture?
Mountains, hills, etc.
116
What is evidence of sequent occupance?
Impact of past people on current landscape
117
What is land use?
Reflects what type of land use is important to a culture
118
What are gendered spaces?
Places reserved for a specific gender
119
What is an ethnic enclave?
An area with high concentration of a minority ethnic group
120
What is placemaking?
Planning and shaping the cultural landscape of a place
121
What is a centripetal force?
A force that brings people together
122
What is a centrifugal force?
A force that separates people
123
What is relocation diffusion?
Culture spreads when people move to new places
124
What is expansion diffusion?
Culture spreads through society without people moving
125
What is contagious diffusion?
Spread of ideas by contact (e.g., social media)
126
What is hierarchical diffusion?
Spread from high-prestige or powerful people
127
What is reverse hierarchical diffusion?
Spread from lower classes to upper classes
128
What is stimulus diffusion?
Spread of an idea that changes to fit local culture
129
What is creolization or syncretism?
Merging of traits from two cultures
130
What is a lingua franca?
Common language used by multiple cultures
131
What is acculturation?
Adoption of some majority cultural traits by a minority
132
What is assimilation?
Full adoption of majority culture by a minority
133
What is multiculturalism?
Diversity in a region, usually from immigration
134
What is diaspora?
Dispersal of people from their original homeland
135
How does colonialism cause diffusion?
Colonies merge or lose cultures
136
How does trade cause diffusion?
Goods and ideas are exchanged
137
What influences contemporary diffusion?
Globalization, urbanization, internet
138
What is time-space convergence?
Faster cultural diffusion over distance via internet
139
What is cultural convergence?
When cultures come together and merge
140
What is cultural divergence?
When cultures split into different ones
141
How do universalizing religions spread?
Through expansion and relocation diffusion
142
How do ethnic religions spread?
Mainly near hearth or via relocation diffusion
143
What is monotheistic religion?
Belief in one god
144
What is polytheistic religion?
Belief in multiple gods/deities
145
What does culture provide for people?
Identity
146
What are cultural traits?
Shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors of a society
147
Examples of cultural traits?
Food, preferences, architecture, and land uses
148
What is ethnicity?
People that share history/experiences
149
What is race?
People biologically similar
150
What is an ethnic religion?
A religion that doesn’t diffuse much and usually stays in its hearth
151
Examples of ethnic religions?
Judaism, Hinduism
152
What is a universal religion?
A religion that diffuses rapidly and seeks converts
153
Examples of universal religions?
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
154
What is folk culture?
Local, homogeneous culture
155
What is popular culture?
International, heterogeneous culture
156
What are language families?
Languages derived from a common ancestor millennia ago
157
Example of a language family?
Indo-European Language Family
158
What is ethnonationalism?
Judging other cultures based on your own
159
What is cultural relativism?
Judging other cultures based on their norms
160
What is xenophobia?
Hatred of people that are different from you
161
What is the cultural landscape?
The influence of human culture on the landscape
162
What is a cultural hearth?
The origin of a culture
163
What is cultural diffusion?
The spread of culture from its hearth
164
What physical features influence culture?
Mountains, hills, etc.
165
What is evidence of sequent occupance?
Impact of past people on current landscape
166
What is land use?
Reflects what type of land use is important to a culture
167
What are gendered spaces?
Places reserved for a specific gender
168
What is an ethnic enclave?
An area with high concentration of a minority ethnic group
169
What is placemaking?
Planning and shaping the cultural landscape of a place
170
What is a centripetal force?
A force that brings people together
171
What is a centrifugal force?
A force that separates people
172
What is relocation diffusion?
Culture spreads when people move to new places
173
What is expansion diffusion?
Culture spreads through society without people moving
174
What is contagious diffusion?
Spread of ideas by contact (e.g., social media)
175
What is hierarchical diffusion?
Spread from high-prestige or powerful people
176
What is reverse hierarchical diffusion?
Spread from lower classes to upper classes
177
What is stimulus diffusion?
Spread of an idea that changes to fit local culture
178
What is creolization or syncretism?
Merging of traits from two cultures
179
What is a lingua franca?
Common language used by multiple cultures
180
What is acculturation?
Adoption of some majority cultural traits by a minority
181
What is assimilation?
Full adoption of majority culture by a minority
182
What is multiculturalism?
Diversity in a region, usually from immigration
183
What is diaspora?
Dispersal of people from their original homeland
184
How does colonialism cause diffusion?
Colonies merge or lose cultures
185
How does trade cause diffusion?
Goods and ideas are exchanged
186
What influences contemporary diffusion?
Globalization, urbanization, internet
187
What is time-space convergence?
Faster cultural diffusion over distance via internet
188
What is cultural convergence?
When cultures come together and merge
189
What is cultural divergence?
When cultures split into different ones
190
How do universalizing religions spread?
Through expansion and relocation diffusion
191
How do ethnic religions spread?
Mainly near hearth or via relocation diffusion
192
What is monotheistic religion?
Belief in one god
193
What is polytheistic religion?
Belief in multiple gods/deities
194
What is geopolitics?
The study of how geography influences power, politics, and international relations.
195
Define territoriality.
The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land, creating a desire to control it.
196
What is a state?
A political unit with defined boundaries, a permanent population, sovereignty, and recognition by other states.
197
Define nation.
A group of people with a common cultural heritage, beliefs, and values who desire self-determination.
198
What is a nation-state?
A state whose population is largely homogeneous in terms of ethnicity or nationality.
199
Define stateless nation.
A cultural group that has no independent political entity.
200
What is a multinational state?
A state that contains more than one nation within its borders.
201
Define multistate nation.
A nation that operates more than one state within its borders.
202
What are autonomous regions?
Areas within a state that have a high degree of self-government and freedom from external authority.
203
Define sovereignty.
The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs.
204
What is self-determination?
The concept that nations have the right to govern themselves without external interference.
205
Define imperialism.
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
206
What is colonialism?
The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
207
Define devolution.
The transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government.
208
What is neocolonialism?
The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
209
Define shatterbelt.
A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals.
210
What is a choke point?
A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region.
211
Define centrifugal forces.
Forces that divide a state, such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences.
212
What are centripetal forces?
Forces that unite a state, such as shared religion, external threats, and a common language.
213
Define relic boundary.
A boundary that no longer exists but has left a mark on the cultural landscape.
214
What is a superimposed boundary?
A boundary drawn by outside powers without regard to existing cultural or ethnic divisions.
215
Define subsequent boundary.
A boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape takes shape.
216
What is an antecedent boundary?
A boundary drawn before a large population was present.
217
Define geometric boundary.
A straight line boundary that does not follow any physical feature closely.
218
What is a defined boundary?
A boundary established by a legal document such as a treaty.
219
Define delimited boundary.
A boundary drawn on a map to show the limits of a space.
220
What is a demarcated boundary?
A boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape.
221
Define administered boundary.
A boundary that is maintained by the government.
222
What is a demilitarized zone (DMZ)?
An area where military forces are prohibited, often established by treaties or agreements.
223
What was the Berlin Conference?
A meeting from 1884-1885 where European nations divided Africa into colonies without regard for ethnic or linguistic groups.
224
Define territorial sea.
Up to 12 nautical miles from a state's coastline, where the state has sovereignty.
225
What is an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?
Up to 200 nautical miles from a state's coast, where the state has rights to explore and exploit marine resources.
226
Define international waters.
Areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country.
227
What are internal boundaries?
Boundaries within a country that divide subnational units.
228
Define voting districts.
Geographical areas represented by a seat or numerous seats in a legislative body.
229
What is gerrymandering?
The manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political advantage.
230
Define unitary state.
A state governed as a single entity where the central government holds the majority of the power.
231
What is a federal state?
A state where power is shared between the national and regional governments.
232
What is supranationalism?
When multiple countries form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members.
233
Define democratization.
The transition from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones.
