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Every Single Crusade Flashcards

1
Q

What was the People’s Crusade (April–October 1096)?

A

A spontaneous and largely unauthorized crusade launched after Urban II’s call at Clermont (Nov 1095); aimed to reach Jerusalem early and liberate the Holy Land; consisted mostly of peasants, poor knights, and zealots.

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2
Q

Who were the key leaders of the People’s Crusade (1096)?

A

Peter the Hermit, Walter Sans Avoir, Count Emicho of Leiningen (led the German faction).

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3
Q

What were the strengths of the People’s Crusade (1096)?

A

• Massive popular support.
• Demonstrated power of papal preaching.
• Drew participants from Germany, France, and Italy.

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4
Q

What were the weaknesses of the People’s Crusade (1096)?

A

• No formal military leadership.
• Poor discipline; looting and infighting.
• Attacked Christians and Jews, weakening unity.
• Crushed by Seljuk Turks due to inexperience.

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5
Q

What was Bohemond’s Crusade (1107–1108) and its aims?

A

Launched by Bohemond of Taranto to expand Antioch and resist Byzantine authority; targeted Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.

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6
Q

Who led Bohemond’s Crusade (1107–1108)?

A

Bohemond of Taranto, Norman prince and founder of Antioch.

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7
Q

What were the strengths of Bohemond’s Crusade (1107–1108)?

A

• Successfully raised an army of Normans and Western knights.
• Supported by Italian nobles and some French crusaders.
• Targeted Dyrrachium strategically.

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8
Q

What were the weaknesses of Bohemond’s Crusade (1107–1108)?

A

• Violated crusading ideals by attacking Byzantium.
• Undermined Latin–Eastern Christian unity.
• Spring 1107: Blocked at Dyrrachium by scorched earth tactics.
• September 1108: Treaty of Devol – became Byzantine vassal.
• No gains; returned to Italy in disgrace.
• Worsened East–West relations.

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9
Q

What was the background and aim of the Crusade of 1101?

A

Follow-up to the First Crusade to reinforce the Holy Land and rescue Bohemond (captured in 1100); included latecomers seeking redemption.

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10
Q

Who were the key leaders in the Crusade of 1101?

A

Stephen of Blois, William of Nevers, Hugh of Vermandois.

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11
Q

What were the strengths of the Crusade of 1101?

A

• Showed continued interest in the Holy Land.
• Demonstrated papal influence.
• June 1101: Captured Ancyra with Byzantine help.

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12
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Crusade of 1101?

A

• Overestimated strength; underestimated Turks.
• Poor coordination with Byzantines.
• August 1101: Defeated at Mersivan by Kilij Arslan.
• September 1101: Ambushed at Ereğli.
• Massive casualties; exposed Anatolian route dangers.

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13
Q

What was the Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110)?

A

Led by King Sigurd I of Norway; aimed to fight Muslims in Iberia and assist Jerusalem.

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14
Q

What were the key successes of the Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110)?

A

• 1108: Defeated Muslim fleets at Lisbon and Alkasse.
• Attacked Balearic Islands (e.g., Formentera).
• December 1110: Helped Baldwin I capture Sidon.
• Strengthened ties between Norway and Crusader states.

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15
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110)?

A

• Sigurd returned by 1111.
• Limited long-term impact.
• Operated independently.
• Reportedly attacked Christian targets (e.g., Santiago).

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16
Q

What was the Venetian Crusade (1122–1124) and why was it launched?

A

A response to Muslim resurgence after the Battle of the Field of Blood (1119); called by Pope Calixtus II; mixed spiritual and economic motives.

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17
Q

Who were the key figures in the Venetian Crusade (1122–1124)?

A

Doge Domenico Michiel; Baldwin II of Jerusalem.

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18
Q

What were the strengths of the Venetian Crusade (1122–1124)?

A

• May 1123: Destroyed Fatimid fleet.
• Spring–Summer 1124: Key role in siege of Tyre (7 July 1124).
• Gained privileges and trade advantages in Tyre.
• Established strong Venetian presence in the East.

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19
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Venetian Crusade (1122–1124)?

A

• Primarily mercantile motives.
• Left after Tyre’s capture.
• Venetians had attacked Byzantine islands earlier, worsening mistrust.

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20
Q

What was the Damascus Crusade (1129)?

A

A military campaign launched to capture Damascus before it could be used by Muslims to strike the Crusader States; supported by Western nobles.

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21
Q

Who led the Damascus Crusade (1129)?

A

Baldwin II of Jerusalem, Fulk V of Anjou, Hugh of Payns (Templars’ Grand Master).

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22
Q

What were the strengths of the Damascus Crusade (1129)?

A

• Gained temporary reinforcements from the West.
• Showed the growing influence of the Templars.
• Ambitious move to secure eastern front.

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23
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Damascus Crusade (1129)?

A

• October: Ran out of supplies and morale.
• 6 November: Siege abandoned.
• Missed opportunity to take major Muslim stronghold.
• Demonstrated poor planning and lack of unity.

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24
Q

Why was a crusading appeal launched in 1169?

A

In response to Nur ad-Din’s conquest of Egypt (1169), threatening Latin Kingdom with encirclement.

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25
Who led the appeal in 1169?
Amalric I of Jerusalem; supported by Pope Alexander III.
26
What were the strengths of the 1169 crusading appeal?
• Diplomatic missions sent to the West. • Recognized growing threat from united Egypt and Syria. • Maintained belief in Western support.
27
What were the weaknesses of the 1169 appeal?
• Failed to attract new crusade armies. • European monarchs focused on internal affairs. • Revealed dependence on Western aid. • Marked the beginning of a period of decline.
28
Why was there a renewed crusading appeal in 1174–1175?
Nur ad-Din’s death (1174) opened a window for action; Baldwin IV hoped to strike before Saladin could consolidate power.
29
Who led the 1174–1175 appeal?
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem; supported by Pope Alexander III.
30
What were the strengths of the 1174–1175 appeal?
• Accurately identified instability in Muslim leadership. • Mobilized Church preachers. • Attempted to seize initiative.
31
What were the weaknesses of the 1174–1175 appeal?
• No substantial reinforcements came. • Saladin quickly rose to power (by 1175). • Missed chance to prevent Islamic unification. • Set the stage for later disasters like Hattin (1187).
32
What was the goal of Philip of Flanders’ crusade (1177–1178)?
To support the Kingdom of Jerusalem and potentially lead it as Baldwin IV’s health declined.
33
Who led the crusade of 1177–1178?
Count Philip of Flanders.
34
What were the strengths of Philip of Flanders’ crusade (1177–1178)?
• Brought a well-equipped army. • Joined by Raymond III of Tripoli. • Contributed to strategic defense.
35
What were the weaknesses of Philip of Flanders’ crusade (1177–1178)?
• Refused to marry into the royal family. • Left after Baldwin IV refused him full command. • Resulted in missed coordination. • Departure hurt Christian unity at a crucial moment.
36
What was the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1181–1183?
A wave of religiously inspired voluntary pilgrimages by knights and nobles to support the Kingdom of Jerusalem and gain spiritual merit, not a papally organized crusade.
37
Who participated in the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1181–1183?
Minor nobles and knights, mainly from France and Germany; no central commander.
38
What were the strengths of the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1181–1183?
• Bolstered northern garrisons. • Participated in defensive skirmishes. • Demonstrated ongoing Western interest in the Holy Land. • Reflected crusading zeal despite lack of structure.
39
What were the weaknesses of the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1181–1183?
• No unified command or strategy. • Mostly small-scale, uncoordinated actions. • Pilgrims left after fulfilling vows. • Failed to hinder Saladin’s rise or Outremer’s decline.
40
What was the purpose of the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1185?
A non-official crusading movement prompted by rising tensions with Saladin; motivated by personal piety and concern for Jerusalem’s safety.
41
Who participated in the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1185?
A mixed group of French and German nobles; lacked centralized leadership.
42
What were the strengths of the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1185?
• Temporary increase in manpower. • Provided moral and religious support to locals. • Assisted in defending border posts. • Joined garrisons and skirmished against Muslim forces.
43
What were the weaknesses of the Crusading Pilgrimage of 1185?
• Most pilgrims departed by 1186. • Too weak to challenge Saladin effectively. • Had no real impact on events leading to Hattin (1187). • Showed the limitations of uncoordinated pilgrim warfare.
44
What was the German Crusade of 1197?
A crusade led by the Holy Roman Empire following the Third Crusade’s failure to retake Jerusalem, aiming to reassert German power and gain papal favor.
45
Who were the key leaders of the German Crusade (1197)?
• Emperor Henry VI (died before departure). • Duke Henry of Brabant. • Archbishop Conrad of Mainz. • Various German nobles and bishops.
46
What were the strengths of the German Crusade (1197)?
• Captured Beirut and Sidon in 1197. • Helped secure the Crusader coastal front. • Large and well-equipped imperial force. • Contributed to a fragile phase of Outremer stabilization.
47
What were the weaknesses of the German Crusade (1197)?
• Emperor Henry VI died in September 1197, sapping momentum. • Internal divisions among German nobles. • Focused mainly on the coast, not Jerusalem. • Ended prematurely in early 1198 when many returned home.
48
What were the aims of the First Crusade?
• Aid Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos against the Seljuk Turks. • Recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre. • Offer full remission of sins for participants (Pope Urban II). • Redirect knightly violence toward a religious cause.
49
Who were the key figures of the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II, Alexios I, Adhemar of Le Puy, Godfrey of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond of Taranto, Tancred, Baldwin of Boulogne, Robert of Normandy.
50
What were the strengths of the First Crusade?
• Motivated by genuine religious zeal (seen as an armed pilgrimage). • Discovery of the Holy Lance boosted morale at Antioch. • Effective early Byzantine support: supplies, guides, and ships. • Muslim disunity: rivalry between Fatimids and Seljuks; leaders like Ridwan and Duqaq refused to cooperate.
51
What were the weaknesses of the First Crusade?
• Bohemond broke his oath and seized Antioch for himself (June 1098). • Baldwin of Boulogne left the main army to create the County of Edessa (March 1098). • Stephen of Blois fled during the Siege of Antioch (June 1098), wrongly claiming the Crusade was doomed. • Internal disputes over rule of Jerusalem: Godfrey vs. Raymond of Toulouse. • Failed siege at Arqah (March–May 1099). • Byzantine support faded after the Antioch betrayal.
52
What prompted the Second Crusade?
• Fall of Edessa to Zengi (December 1144). • Pope Eugenius III issued Quantum Praedecessores (December 1145). • Intended to retake Edessa and restore Crusader morale.
53
Who were the key leaders of the Second Crusade?
Louis VII of France, Conrad III of Germany, Bernard of Clairvaux, Nur ad-Din (Zengi’s son), Baldwin III of Jerusalem.
54
What were the strengths of the Second Crusade?
• First crusade led by kings: Louis VII and Conrad III. • Popular enthusiasm, fueled by Bernard of Clairvaux’s preaching. • Initial cooperation with Byzantium (though fragile).
55
What were the weaknesses of the Second Crusade?
• Louis VII and Conrad III travelled separately, making them vulnerable—both lost most of their armies in Anatolia (Oct 1147 & Jan 1148). • Lack of coordination with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. • Leaders ignored the original goal (Edessa) and attacked Damascus instead (Siege failed: 24–28 July 1148). • Disunity among Crusader barons—especially Baldwin III and his nobles—undermined the siege. • Both kings left soon after: Conrad returned to Germany in 1148, Louis in 1149, abandoning the Levant.
56
Why was the Third Crusade launched?
• Saladin captured Jerusalem (2 October 1187) after crushing Crusaders at Hattin (4 July 1187). • Pope Gregory VIII issued Audita Tremendi (29 October 1187). • Goal: recapture Jerusalem and restore Christian prestige.
57
Who were the key leaders of the Third Crusade?
Richard I of England, Philip II of France, Frederick I Barbarossa (HRE), Saladin.
58
What were the strengths of the Third Crusade?
• Captured Acre (July 1191) after a long siege. • Richard I won the Battle of Arsuf (7 September 1191), securing the coast from Tyre to Jaffa. • Crusaders secured a corridor to the sea and held vital ports.
59
What were the weaknesses of the Third Crusade?
• Frederick Barbarossa drowned (10 June 1190); most of his army returned home. • Philip II left in July 1191 after quarrelling with Richard I, abandoning the cause and plotting against Richard in France. • Tensions between Richard, Philip, and Leopold V of Austria over the throne of Jerusalem and military honors (e.g. Richard threw down Leopold’s banner at Acre). • Richard failed to retake Jerusalem; agreed to a temporary Treaty of Jaffa (2 Sept 1192) with Saladin, allowing Christian access but no conquest.
60
What was the original aim of the Fourth Crusade?
• Called by Pope Innocent III (August 1198) via Post Miserabile. • Intended to recapture Jerusalem by attacking Egypt first.
61
Who were the key figures in the Fourth Crusade?
Boniface of Montferrat, Baldwin of Flanders, Enrico Dandolo (Doge of Venice), Alexios IV Angelos, Alexios V Doukas.
62
What were the successes of the Fourth Crusade?
• Captured Constantinople (12 April 1204) — the most powerful city in Christendom after Rome. • Established the Latin Empire of Constantinople (Baldwin of Flanders crowned 16 May 1204). • Divided the former Byzantine Empire among Crusader and Venetian leaders (Partitio Romaniae). • Gained immense wealth from the sack: relics (e.g. the Crown of Thorns), gold, and treasures looted and brought to the West (esp. Venice). • Venice expanded its maritime and commercial power significantly, securing key ports and islands.
63
What were the major weaknesses of the Fourth Crusade?
• Never reached the Holy Land. • Attacked Christian cities (Zara and Constantinople), undermining papal authority. • The sack of Constantinople was brutal—plunder, massacres, and destruction of Orthodox relics. • Deepened the East–West Schism and permanently weakened the Byzantine Empire. • Motivations shifted from religious to political and economic—especially under Dandolo and Venetian influence.

Crusades (23 decks)

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