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A-2 > Everythin > Flashcards

Everythin Flashcards

1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with the same general formula

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2
Q

What is E(x) of a geometric distribution?

A

1/p

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3
Q

What is the Var(x) of a geometric distribution

A

(1-p)/p^2

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4
Q

What is the E(x) of the Poisson distribution?

A

Lambda (the mean)

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5
Q

What is the Var(x) of the Poisson distribution?

A

Lambda (the mean)

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6
Q

What is the E(x) of the binomial distribution?

A

np

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7
Q

What is the Var(x) of the binomial distribution?

A

np(1-p)

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8
Q

What is the equation for PMCC

A

Sxy/(sqrt(Sxx times Syy))

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9
Q

What conditions are needed for the nitration of benzene? and what type of mechanism is it?

A

Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution
Conditions: HNO3 and H2SO4 (both conc)
55 degrees Celsius

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10
Q

How would you distinguish between two stereoisomers?

A

.Shining plane polarised light through it
. each enantiomer will rotate the light in different directions

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11
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomerism? and how are they achieved?

A

E/Z isomerism: No free rotation around the double bond
Optical isomerism: When there is a chiral carbon with 4 different groups attached to it

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12
Q

What are the 3 different types of structural isomerism?

A

Chain isomerism
Position isomerism (where the fuctional group moves)
Functional group isomerism ( where the functional group changes)

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13
Q

What is the difference between structural and stereoisomerism?

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but has a different structure
Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in 3D space

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14
Q

What is the equation for Impulse?

A

I=Ft
I= final - initial momentum

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15
Q

What is the equation for the light absorbed by a electron?

A

E=HF or E=HC/(lambda)

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16
Q

What pair of bases have 3 hydrogen bonds between them

A

Cytosine and guanine

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17
Q

What reagent is used to hydrolyse a protein

A

Conc HCl

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18
Q

How would you see an amino acid on a chromatography graph

A

UV light or ninhydrin

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19
Q

What does complementary mean in terms of DNA strands

A

Complementary means the two strands must have base sequences)
that match (all) A to T and C to G

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20
Q

What is the formula for a peptide link

A

CONH

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21
Q

What is an oxide that is insoluble in water

A

Al2O3

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22
Q

What is the product when you react aluminium oxide with sulphuric acid?

A

Aluminium sulfate and water

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23
Q

What are the observations when you mix sodium in oxygen

A

White powder forms
Yellow light

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24
Q

What are the observations when you mix phosphorous in oxygen

A

Misty white fumes

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25
Q

How do you test melting point and purity of a sample?

A

Place sample in thiele tube
Place in melting point apparatus
Heat slowly to establish melting point range
Compare melting point to literature value

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26
Q

What are the products of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a carbonate?

A

Carbon dioxide, a salt and water

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27
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

An alcohol with a carboxylic acid or acid anhydride

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28
Q

What reagent is needed for the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

A

Sulfuric acid

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29
Q

What are the uses of esters?

A

Perfumes or food flavourings, polar solvents and plasticisers

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30
Q

What conditions are needed for the acid hydrolysis of an ester

A

Dilute acid and under reflux

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31
Q

What are the products of acid hydrolysis on a ester

A

Carboxylic acid and alcohol

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32
Q

What are the conditions of base hydrolysis of an ester? And what are the products.

A

Dilute base plus reflux
Carboxylate ion plus alcohol

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33
Q

How is a soap made?

A

Animal/vegetable fat with NaOH

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34
Q

What is the product of the reaction between water and acyl chloride

A

A carboxylic acid and HCl

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35
Q

What are the products from the reaction of an acyl chloride and ammonia

A

An amide plus HCL

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36
Q

What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?

A

Ester plus HCl

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37
Q

What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and a primary amine?

A

An N-amide and HCL

38
Q

what is the equation for centripetal acceleration?

A

a=V^2/r

39
Q

What is the equation for Velocity in a circular motion diagram?

A

V=rW

40
Q

in a pendulum, what is the equation w?

A

w=sqrt(g/l)

41
Q

In a pendulum, what is the equation for theta?

A

theta = a cos(wt) where w=sqrt(g/l)

42
Q

When a particle is suspended on a spring, what is the equation for w?

A

w= sqrt (lamda/m times l)

43
Q

What is the period of a particle suspended on a spring?

A

p= 2π time sqrt(ml/lambda)

44
Q

What is the equation for elastic potential energy?

A

E.P.E = 1/2 kx^2

45
Q

what is the equation for velocity in simple harmonic motion?

A

v^2 = w^2(a^2-x^2)

46
Q

What are the equations for displacement in simple harmonic motion?

A

x=asin(wt) if x is 0 or x=acos(wt) if x is not 0

47
Q

What is the equation for Period in Simple harmonic motion?

A

P=2π/w

48
Q

What is the volume of a sphere?

A

4/3πr^3

49
Q

Where is the Centre of mass on a sphere?

A

C.O.M=r

50
Q

what is the volume of a hemisphere?

A

2/3πr^3

51
Q

Where is the centre of mass on a hemisphere?

A

C.O.M=3/8r

52
Q

What is the volume of a cone?

A

1/3πr^2h

53
Q

Where is the Centre of mass on a cone?

A

1/4h

54
Q

what is the surface area of a hollow hemisphere?

A

2πr^2

55
Q

where is the Centre of mass on a hollow hemisphere?

A

1/2r

56
Q

What is the surface area of a hollow cone?

A

πr(sqrt(r^2+h^2))

57
Q

Where is the centre of mass of a hollow cone?

A

1/3h

58
Q

what is the equation for average power?

A

Work done/time taken

59
Q

How do you test for halide ions?

A

Nitric acid + silver nitrate

60
Q

What reagent and condition is needed for an elimination reaction?

A

ethanolic + NaOH

61
Q

How do you make an aldehyde from an alcohol?

A

Primary alcohol, acidified pottasium dichromate

62
Q

How do you make an alcohol from an aldehyde?

A

NaBH4 in methanol and water

63
Q

How do you make a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?

A

Acidified pottasium dichromate under reflux

64
Q

How do you make a ketone from an alcohol?

A

Secondary alcohol, Acidified potassium dichromate under reflux

65
Q

How do you make an alcohol form a ketone?

A

NaBH4 in methanol and water

66
Q

How do you make an alkene from an alcohol?

A

Conc H2SO4/ H3PO4 and heat

67
Q

How do you make an alcohol from an alkene

A

Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, 300atm, 60 celcius

68
Q

How do you make an haloalkane from an alcohol?

A

Sodium halide, H2SO4 and 20 celcius

69
Q

How do you make an alcohol from a haloalkane?

A

Warm NaOH, H2O, reflux

70
Q

How do you make a haloalkane from an alkane?

A

Halogen with UV light

71
Q

How do you make a haloalkane from an alkene?

A

Hydrogen halide, 20 celcius

72
Q

How do you make an alkene from a haloalkane?

A

KOH, ethanol, reflux

73
Q

How do you make a dihaloalkane from an alkene?

A

Halgoen, 20 celcius

74
Q

How do you make an alkane from an alkene?

A

H2, nickel catalyst at 150 celcius

75
Q

How do you make a nitrile from a haloalkane?

A

KCN, ethanol, reflux

76
Q

How do you make a primary amine from a nitrile?

A

LiAlH4 + dilute H2SO4

77
Q

How do you make a primary amine from a haloalkane?

A

NH3 + heat

78
Q

How do you make a secondary or tertiery amine from a haloalkane?

A

NH3 + heat

79
Q

How do you make a hydroxy nitrile from a ketone or aldehyde?

A

KCN, H2SO4 at 20 Celsius

80
Q

How do you make a carboxylic acid from a acid chloride/anhydride?

A

H2O at 20 Celsius

81
Q

How do you make an ester from a carboxylic acid?

A

Conc H2SO4, alcohol, heat and catalyst

82
Q

How do you make a carboxylic acid from an ester?

A

Dilute H2SO4, H2O reflux and catalyst
Or
Dilute NaOH plus reflux

83
Q

How do you make an ester from an acid chloride/anhydride?

A

alcohol at 20 Celsius

84
Q

How do you make a primary amide from an acid chloride/anhydride?

A

NH3 at 20 Celsius

85
Q

How do you make an N-substituted amide from an Acid chloride/anhydride?

A

Amine at 20 Celsius

86
Q

How do you make nitrobenzene from benzene?

A

Conc H2SO4 and Conc HNO3 at under 55 Celsius

87
Q

How do you get Phenylamine from Nitrobenzene? and what type of reaction is it?

A

Conc HCL, Sn and reflux. Add NaOH

88
Q

How do you get Phenylamine from Nitrobenzene? and what type of reaction is it?

A

Conc HCL, Sn and reflux. Add NaOH
Reaction is Reduction

89
Q

How do you make N-Phenylethanamide from Phenylamine?

A

Acid chloride at Room temperature

90
Q

How do you make Phenylketone from Benzene? and what is the reaction called?

A

Acid chloride with ALCl3 catalyst under reflux in anhydrous conditions

91
Q

What is the integral of tan(x)

A

ln(secx)

A-2 (2 decks)

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