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Everythin Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with the same general formula

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2
Q

What is E(x) of a geometric distribution?

A

1/p

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3
Q

What is the Var(x) of a geometric distribution

A

(1-p)/p^2

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4
Q

What is the E(x) of the Poisson distribution?

A

Lambda (the mean)

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5
Q

What is the Var(x) of the Poisson distribution?

A

Lambda (the mean)

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6
Q

What is the E(x) of the binomial distribution?

A

np

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7
Q

What is the Var(x) of the binomial distribution?

A

np(1-p)

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8
Q

What is the equation for PMCC

A

Sxy/(sqrt(Sxx times Syy))

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9
Q

What conditions are needed for the nitration of benzene? and what type of mechanism is it?

A

Mechanism: Electrophilic substitution
Conditions: HNO3 and H2SO4 (both conc)
55 degrees Celsius

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10
Q

How would you distinguish between two stereoisomers?

A

.Shining plane polarised light through it
. each enantiomer will rotate the light in different directions

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11
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomerism? and how are they achieved?

A

E/Z isomerism: No free rotation around the double bond
Optical isomerism: When there is a chiral carbon with 4 different groups attached to it

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12
Q

What are the 3 different types of structural isomerism?

A

Chain isomerism
Position isomerism (where the fuctional group moves)
Functional group isomerism ( where the functional group changes)

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13
Q

What is the difference between structural and stereoisomerism?

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but has a different structure
Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in 3D space

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14
Q

What is the equation for Impulse?

A

I=Ft
I= final - initial momentum

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15
Q

What is the equation for the light absorbed by a electron?

A

E=HF or E=HC/(lambda)

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16
Q

What pair of bases have 3 hydrogen bonds between them

A

Cytosine and guanine

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17
Q

What reagent is used to hydrolyse a protein

A

Conc HCl

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18
Q

How would you see an amino acid on a chromatography graph

A

UV light or ninhydrin

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19
Q

What does complementary mean in terms of DNA strands

A

Complementary means the two strands must have base sequences)
that match (all) A to T and C to G

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20
Q

What is the formula for a peptide link

A

CONH

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21
Q

What is an oxide that is insoluble in water

A

Al2O3

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22
Q

What is the product when you react aluminium oxide with sulphuric acid?

A

Aluminium sulfate and water

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23
Q

What are the observations when you mix sodium in oxygen

A

White powder forms
Yellow light

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24
Q

What are the observations when you mix phosphorous in oxygen

A

Misty white fumes

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25
How do you test melting point and purity of a sample?
Place sample in thiele tube Place in melting point apparatus Heat slowly to establish melting point range Compare melting point to literature value
26
What are the products of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a carbonate?
Carbon dioxide, a salt and water
27
How is an ester formed?
An alcohol with a carboxylic acid or acid anhydride
28
What reagent is needed for the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Sulfuric acid
29
What are the uses of esters?
Perfumes or food flavourings, polar solvents and plasticisers
30
What conditions are needed for the acid hydrolysis of an ester
Dilute acid and under reflux
31
What are the products of acid hydrolysis on a ester
Carboxylic acid and alcohol
32
What are the conditions of base hydrolysis of an ester? And what are the products.
Dilute base plus reflux Carboxylate ion plus alcohol
33
How is a soap made?
Animal/vegetable fat with NaOH
34
What is the product of the reaction between water and acyl chloride
A carboxylic acid and HCl
35
What are the products from the reaction of an acyl chloride and ammonia
An amide plus HCL
36
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
Ester plus HCl
37
What are the products of the reaction between an acyl chloride and a primary amine?
An N-amide and HCL
38
what is the equation for centripetal acceleration?
a=V^2/r
39
What is the equation for Velocity in a circular motion diagram?
V=rW
40
in a pendulum, what is the equation w?
w=sqrt(g/l)
41
In a pendulum, what is the equation for theta?
theta = a cos(wt) where w=sqrt(g/l)
42
When a particle is suspended on a spring, what is the equation for w?
w= sqrt (lamda/m times l)
43
What is the period of a particle suspended on a spring?
p= 2π time sqrt(ml/lambda)
44
What is the equation for elastic potential energy?
E.P.E = 1/2 kx^2
45
what is the equation for velocity in simple harmonic motion?
v^2 = w^2(a^2-x^2)
46
What are the equations for displacement in simple harmonic motion?
x=asin(wt) if x is 0 or x=acos(wt) if x is not 0
47
What is the equation for Period in Simple harmonic motion?
P=2π/w
48
What is the volume of a sphere?
4/3πr^3
49
Where is the Centre of mass on a sphere?
C.O.M=r
50
what is the volume of a hemisphere?
2/3πr^3
51
Where is the centre of mass on a hemisphere?
C.O.M=3/8r
52
What is the volume of a cone?
1/3πr^2h
53
Where is the Centre of mass on a cone?
1/4h
54
what is the surface area of a hollow hemisphere?
2πr^2
55
where is the Centre of mass on a hollow hemisphere?
1/2r
56
What is the surface area of a hollow cone?
πr(sqrt(r^2+h^2))
57
Where is the centre of mass of a hollow cone?
1/3h
58
what is the equation for average power?
Work done/time taken
59
How do you test for halide ions?
Nitric acid + silver nitrate
60
What reagent and condition is needed for an elimination reaction?
ethanolic + NaOH
61
How do you make an aldehyde from an alcohol?
Primary alcohol, acidified pottasium dichromate
62
How do you make an alcohol from an aldehyde?
NaBH4 in methanol and water
63
How do you make a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
Acidified pottasium dichromate under reflux
64
How do you make a ketone from an alcohol?
Secondary alcohol, Acidified potassium dichromate under reflux
65
How do you make an alcohol form a ketone?
NaBH4 in methanol and water
66
How do you make an alkene from an alcohol?
Conc H2SO4/ H3PO4 and heat
67
How do you make an alcohol from an alkene
Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, 300atm, 60 celcius
68
How do you make an haloalkane from an alcohol?
Sodium halide, H2SO4 and 20 celcius
69
How do you make an alcohol from a haloalkane?
Warm NaOH, H2O, reflux
70
How do you make a haloalkane from an alkane?
Halogen with UV light
71
How do you make a haloalkane from an alkene?
Hydrogen halide, 20 celcius
72
How do you make an alkene from a haloalkane?
KOH, ethanol, reflux
73
How do you make a dihaloalkane from an alkene?
Halgoen, 20 celcius
74
How do you make an alkane from an alkene?
H2, nickel catalyst at 150 celcius
75
How do you make a nitrile from a haloalkane?
KCN, ethanol, reflux
76
How do you make a primary amine from a nitrile?
LiAlH4 + dilute H2SO4
77
How do you make a primary amine from a haloalkane?
NH3 + heat
78
How do you make a secondary or tertiery amine from a haloalkane?
NH3 + heat
79
How do you make a hydroxy nitrile from a ketone or aldehyde?
KCN, H2SO4 at 20 Celsius
80
How do you make a carboxylic acid from a acid chloride/anhydride?
H2O at 20 Celsius
81
How do you make an ester from a carboxylic acid?
Conc H2SO4, alcohol, heat and catalyst
82
How do you make a carboxylic acid from an ester?
Dilute H2SO4, H2O reflux and catalyst Or Dilute NaOH plus reflux
83
How do you make an ester from an acid chloride/anhydride?
alcohol at 20 Celsius
84
How do you make a primary amide from an acid chloride/anhydride?
NH3 at 20 Celsius
85
How do you make an N-substituted amide from an Acid chloride/anhydride?
Amine at 20 Celsius
86
How do you make nitrobenzene from benzene?
Conc H2SO4 and Conc HNO3 at under 55 Celsius
87
How do you get Phenylamine from Nitrobenzene? and what type of reaction is it?
Conc HCL, Sn and reflux. Add NaOH
88
How do you get Phenylamine from Nitrobenzene? and what type of reaction is it?
Conc HCL, Sn and reflux. Add NaOH Reaction is Reduction
89
How do you make N-Phenylethanamide from Phenylamine?
Acid chloride at Room temperature
90
How do you make Phenylketone from Benzene? and what is the reaction called?
Acid chloride with ALCl3 catalyst under reflux in anhydrous conditions
91
What is the integral of tan(x)
ln(secx)

A-2 (2 decks)

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