Everything

Question 1

Which is the first antibody produced in response to an infection?

Answer 1

IgM

Question 2

True or false

Stimulation of innate immune responses is the major function of vaccine adjuvants.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Allergies are predominantly a result of?

Answer 3

Binding of allergen by IgE antibodies leads to mast cell histamine release

Question 4

What 2 things do vaccines need?

Answer 4

vaccines need an antigen and an innate immune stimulus

Question 5

List at least 3 different approaches to vaccination

Answer 5

1. live attenuated organisms
2. live vectored vaccines
3. inactivated (killed) pathogens
4. subunit vaccines
5. toxoid vaccines
   6 mRNA vaccines
6. DNA vaccines

Question 6

Naive T cell activation by activated DCs requires what 2 signals?

Answer 6

1. T cell receptor binding MHC- Ag peptide

2. costimulatory signal

Question 7

describe how herd immunity works.

Answer 7

vaccines work through herd immunity.
high proportion of the population need to be fully vaccinated so that the infection cannot maintain its transmission (i.e. has limited options to spread).

herd immunity helps & protects immunocompromised people who cant get vaccinated.

Question 8

list types of immunodeficiency diseases

Answer 8

SCID (genetic immunodeficiency): severe combined immunodeficiency.
HIV (genetic): human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 9

what is autoimmunity?

Answer 9

immune system attacking itself.

failed tolerance -> deletion (killing) or control of T and B cells to attack its own kind.

Question 10

list some autoimmunity diseases

Answer 10

MS: multiple sclerosis

Narcolepsy

Question 11

What does histamine do in the response of an allergen?

Answer 11

Histamine promotes edema; the stimulation of mucus in large amounts. This happens by causing blood vessels to dilate and become leaky and smooth muscles contract…
Another allergic response from histamine may be asthma if the respiratory system is the site of the antigen.

Question 12

What does histamine do in the response of an allergen?

Answer 12

Histamine promotes edema; the stimulation of mucus in large amounts. This happens by causing blood vessels to dilate and become leaky and smooth muscles contract…
Another allergic response from histamine may be asthma if the respiratory system is the site of the antigen.

Question 13

Describe the 3 first steps of sensitisation of an allergic response.

Answer 13

Step 1: a foreign pathogen, aka an antigen, that is the allergy invades the body
Step 2: immune system recognises that this is foreign, this antigen is foreign to the body - plasma cells start to produce large amounts of IgE antibodies against this allergen.
Step 3: IgE antibodies attach to mast cells in body tissues

Question 14

What is dietary fibre and why is it important for our immune system?

Answer 14

dietary fibre is complex carbohydrates, resistant to digestion in the small intestine.

Dietary fibre is anti-inflammatory, they act on receptors on immunce cells and prevent excessive immune activation.

Question 15

List some benefits of fibre in immune regulation

Answer 15

reduces allergic sensitization
avoids heart failure and hypertension
prevent food allergy
reduce inflammation in gout