Everything Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Top 5 crop producers
A
CA,IA,IL,MN,NE
2
Q
Top 5 grain producers
A
IL,IA,NE,MN,IN
3
Q
Top 5 hog producers
A
IA,NC,MN,IL,NE
4
Q
Top 5 poultry/poultry product producers
A
GA,AR,NC,AL,MS
5
Q
Top 5 cattle and calf producers
A
TX,KS,NE,IA,CO
6
Q
Top 5 producers of agricultural products
A
CA,TX,IA,NE,KS
7
Q
Top 5 producers of livestock and poultry
A
TX,NE,CA,IA,KS
8
Q
Top 5 horse producers
A
KY,FL,TX,CA,NY
9
Q
horses
A
animalia, chordata, mammilia, perissodactyla, equidae, equus, cabalus
10
Q
The seven levels of classification
A
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
11
Q
metatherians
A
marsupials, have very short gestations, birth of immature young, subdivision of therians
12
Q
Eutherians
A
placental mammals, maintain the developing embryo/fetus within the uterus for an extended period of time and give birth to highly developed young
13
Q
Afrotherians
A
eutherians evolving in Africa, includes modern elephants, sirens, hyraxes and a substantial portion of insectivora (afrosoricidae)
14
Q
Cats
A
animalia, chordata, mammilia, carnivora, felidae, felis, silvestris catus
15
Q
Donkeys, Burros, Asses
A
animalia, chordata, mammilia, perissodactyla, equidae, equus, asinus
16
Q
Xenarthrans
A
type of eutherian, representatives of south america, armadillos, sloths, and certain anteaters
17
Q
Euarchontoglires
A
eutherians that originated in east asia, includes primates, rabbits and rodents
18
Q
Laurasiatheres
A
eutherians, includes modern carnivores, perissodactyls and artiodactyls
19
Q
Top 5 tobacco producers
A
NC,KY, SC,TN,VA
20
Q
Top 5 dairy product producers
A
CA, WI,NY,PA,ID
21
Q
Sheep
A
animalia, chordata, mammila, cetartiodactyla, bovidae, ovis, aries
22
Q
Turkey
A
animalia, chordata, aves, galliformes, meleagrididae, meleagris, gallopavo
23
Q
Chicken
A
animalia, chordata, aves, galliforms, phasinanidae, gallus, domesticus
24
Q
goats
A
animalia, chordata, mammalia, cetartiodactyla, bovidae, capra, hircus
25
Pigs
animalia, chordata, mammalia, cetartiodactyla, suidae, sus, scrofa domestica
26
Ungulates
hoofed animals
27
phylogeny
evolutionary relationships between species
28
European Cattle
animalia, chordata, mammalia, cetartiodactyla, bovidae, bos, taurus
29
humans
animalia, chordata, mammalia, primate, hominidae, homo, sapiens
30
Dogs
animalia, chordata, mammalia, carnivora, canidae, canis, lupus familiaris
31
Perissodactyla
odd toes ungulates, includes rhinos, tapris and equids
32
cetartiodactyls
even toed or cloven-hoofed ungulates
33
therians vs protherians
do not lay eggs, give birth to live young
vs.
retained the ancestral condition of laying eggs.
34
Indian type cattle
anamalia, chordata, mammalia, cetartiodactyla, bovidae, bos, indicus
35
Domestication of dogs
domesticated about 15, 000 years ago by hunters from wild wolves. occurred in the Middle East, Asia and North America
36
Domestication of plants
domesticated about 15,000 years ago in the fertile crescent
37
Domestication of sheep
domesticated 12,000 years ago in the fertile crescent area of western Asia. domesticated from the wild mouflon. 9,500 years ago was the 1st widespread evidence of polled sheep. 5,000 years ago man made major changes in the hair coat of sheep. used for wool, meat, milk and as draft animals
38
Domestication of goats
domesticated about 12,000 years ago from wild mountain goats or bezoars. polled forms were selected for along with smaller size. used for milk, meat and hides.
39
Domestication of pigs
domesticated 8,500 years ago in the fertile crescent and in the far east (china). domesticated from wild boar. selective breeding for smaller size
40
Domestication of cattle
domesticated about 8,000 years ago in turkey and india from wild cattle called aurochsen. used for meat, milk and work.
41
Domestication of donkeys and Onagers
1st species from the equus genus to be domesticated, about 6,000 years ago. native to Northern Africa and domesticated by the egyptians. used for work and possibly meat. onagers were domesticated about the same time in the fertile crescent area. used as draft animals
42
Domestication of the Horse
domesticated only 4,700 years ago in central asia by the nomadic people of the region from the wild horse. they were used for meat, milk, hides and probably ridden. Arabs of north africa selected for light, fast horses that became the arabian breed.
43
Domestication of bactrian and dromedaries camels
bactrian camels were domesticated 5,000 years ago in central asia and dromedaries were domesticated 1,000 years later in north africa. both used for meat, milk and work. used in caravans transporting goods.
44
Domestication of water buffalo and yaks
water buffalo were domesticated about 5, 000 years ago in tropical india, southern china and southeast asia. Yaks were domesticated about 3,000 years ago in tibet. yaks were used to provide wool. both were used for meat, milk and work.
45
Domestication of cats
domesticated from wild cats in egypt about 5,000 years ago
46
Domestication of chickens and ducks
chickens were domesticated from the wild jungle fowl of southeast asia about 8,000 years ago. ducks were domesticated in china approximately 4,500 years ago
47
major food products we get from animals
milk, eggs, liver, kidney, testicles, cheek meat, brain, intestine, heart, spleen, gelatin, tail, blood, thymus gland, reticulum, fat, feet, tongue
48
fiber products from animals
wool, leather, feathers
49
other ways animals are used in the U.S.
medicine, work, pleasure, fertilizer, animal feed
50
other ways animals are used around the world
fuel (burned manure)
51
water
60% of animals body mass. fills cells and gives them shape. body functions impaired with a 10% loss of water and 20% loss of water is fatal
52
carbohydrates
more biomass of carbs than all other nutrients combined. serve as a source of energy and as a structural component.
53
monosaccharides
simple sugars, have the basic formula C6H12O6
54
glucose
monosaccharide, 6 member ring composed of carbons 1-5 and an oxygen hydroxyl groups placed above or below the ring on carbons 2-4. serves as the currency for energy in the body forms ATP.
55
galactose
monosaccharide, 6 member ring with carbons 1-5 and an oxygen. the hydroxyl group sits above the plain of the ring on carbon 4. converted to glucose in the liver.
56
fructose
monosaccharide, 5 membered ring with carbons 2-4 and an oxygen. converted to glucose in the liver. extremely sweet. principal sugar found in flowers and honey.
57
disaccharides
complex molecules made by linking to monosaccharides together
58
maltose
disaccharide, composed of 2 glucose molecules linked by the hydroxyl groups from carbon 1 and 4. formed by a condensation reaction. bond formed is an alpha 1,4-glycosidic bond
59
cellobiose
disaccharide, 2 glucose molecules linked by a beta 1,4-glycosidic bond. cannot be digested by animals. extremely rare in nature
60
sucrose
disaccharide, made of glucose and fructose linked by an alpha 1,2-glycosidic bond. can be broken down in our digestive systems. gets sweetness from fructose. AKA table sugar
61
lactose
disaccharide, formed by linking a glucose to a galactose through a beta 1,4-glycosidic bond. can be digested.
62
polysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides (polymers) linked together, complex carbohydrates.
63
starch
polysaccharide, composed of glucose molecules linked by alpha 1,4-glycosidic bonds and alpha 1,6-glycosidic bonds that contribute to branching energy storage molecule found in plants. easily digestible and provide animals with glucose
64
Glycogen
polysaccharide, glucose molecules linked by alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.more highly branched than starch. used by animals to store energy. limited amounts are found in the liver an muscles. only complex carb synthesized by mammals
65
cellulose
polysaccharide, collectively referred to as dietary fiber, polymer of glucose linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds (no branching). major component of plant cell walls. most abundant carb on earth can't be digested by animals but can be broken down by certain bacteria and fungi.
66
chitin
polymer of 2 n-acetyl glucosamine linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds. cannot be broken down by animals but can be by some microbes
67
Lipids
dietary source of energy for animalshave 9 kcals of energy/g
68
Volatile fatty acids
fatty acids with the shortest hydrocarbon chain. evaporate quickly at room temperature and have distinctive odors. acetic acid (vinegar), propanoic acid (in cheese) and butyric acid ( contributed to the smell of body odor). products of anaerobic fermentation
69
Long chain fatty acids
longer hydrocarbon chains, generally even numbered b/c they are formed by adding 2 carbon units to butyric acid
70
stearic acid
fatty acid, 18 carbons long and saturated
71
oleic acid
fatty acid with 18 carbons, double bond between 9 and 10, unsaturated (18:1)
72
Linoleic acid
fatty acid, 18 carbons long, double bonds linking carbons 9 and 10 and 12 and 13, polyunsaturated. only fatty acid humans have a dietary requirement for
73
cholesterol
lipid, four rings that share carbons, long hydrocarbon tail sticks out from the D ring. component of cell membranes and is the molecule from which vitamin D and steriod hormones are synthesized
74
protein
used as a source of energy, makes hormones and other signaling molecules, made of amino acids
75
10 essental amino acids
phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine,lysine
76
vitamin A
AKA retinol, fat soluble. found in carrots and dark green vegetables, deficiencies include night blindness, poor growth and skin disorders
77
vitamin D
fat soluble, synthesized from cholesterol and some plant sterols, requires sunlight. deficiency causes poor bone growth, rickets.
78
vitamin K
required for the synthesis of prothrombin, an important clotting factor. deficiency results blood coagulation disorders
