everything Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
ghon complex is a feature of
A
primary tuberculosis
2
Q
steosis and fatty exchange describes
A
accumulation of triglycerides
3
Q
wilms tumor
A
mostly in children, rare in adults
4
Q
cast decreasing size of calf muscles
A
atrophy
5
Q
hairy heart is caused by
A
fibrin
6
Q
cardiac tamponade
A
blood in pericardial sac
7
Q
acute pancreatitis can be caused by
A
fat necrosis
8
Q
N in TNM stands for
A
nodes
9
Q
T in TNM stands for
A
size of tumour
10
Q
M in TNM stands for
A
metastasis, spread of cancer
11
Q
philadelphia chromosome
A
chronic myeloid leukemia
12
Q
strawberry cervix caused by
A
trichomonas vaginalis
13
Q
most common malignant skin cancer
A
basal cell carcinoma
14
Q
virchows triad
A
endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, abnormal blood flow
15
Q
equivalent of seminoma in ovary
A
dysgerminoma
16
Q
yolk sac tumour found in
A
children and young women
17
Q
which element can be found in yolk sac tumour
A
schiller duval body
18
Q
leiomyoma compared to leiomyosarcoma is
A
benign
19
Q
acute inflammation can cause
A
scars, fistulas, abscesses
20
Q
acute glomerular response to kidney injury includes
A
influx of leukocytes
21
Q
accumulation of serous fluid between visceral and parietal layer of tunica vaginalis of testes is
A
hydrocele
22
Q
endometriosis most common site
A
ovaries
23
Q
herniation in spinal cord
A
meningomyelocele
24
Q
inflammation processes
A
recognition, recruitment, removal, regulation, repair
25
cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor (redness), dolor (pain), calor (warmth), tumor (swelling), functio laesa (loss of function)
26
adenoma
benign tumour of glandular epithelial tissue
27
lipoma
benign tumour of mature white adipocytes
28
myolipoma
benign tumour of mature adipocytes and mature smooth muscles in fascicles
29
fibroadenoma
benign tumour of the breast
30
leiomyoma
benign tumour of smooth muscle
31
carcinoma
malignant tumour of epithelial tissue
32
sarcoma
malignant tumour of connective/mesenchymal tissue
33
blastoma
malignant tumour of precursor cells
34
glioma
malignant tumour of brain (glial cells)
35
melanoma
malignant tumour of skin (melanocytes)
36
lymphoma
malignant tumour of lymph system (WBC)
37
liposarcoma
malignant tumour of fat cells (soft tissue sarcoma)
38
carnimoma in situ
localised cancer
39
most common tumours in children
leukemia, CNS, lymphomas
40
most common malignant tumours of infancy
neuroblastoma
41
most common germ cell tumour of infancy
sacrococcygeal teratomas
42
most common liver tumourin early childhood
hepatoblastoma
43
most common childhood cancers arise from
hematopoietic and nervous system
44
most common renal neoplasm in children
Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma)
45
most common glomerulonephritis in children
submicroscopical glomerulonephritis
46
most common sarcomas of adulthood
liposarcomas
47
most common indolent lymphoma of adults
follicular lymphoma
48
most common tumour in women
breast cancer
49
most common neoplasm in women
leiomyomas
50
most common benign non neoplastic liver lesion in women
focal nodular hyperplasia
51
most common tumour in men
adenocarcinoma of prostate
52
most common metastatic site of prostate adenocarcinoma
bones
53
most common testicular tumours
germ cell tumours (seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma, teratoma)
54
most common benign prostatic disease in men
prostatic hyperplasia
55
most common tumour of bile tract
carcinoma of gallbladder
56
most common tumour of appendix
well-differentiated, neuroendocrine tumour
57
most common malignancy of GIT
adenocarcinoma
58
most common malignancy of stomach
adenocarcinoma
59
most common neoplastic polyps
adenomas
60
most common lung carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
61
most common benign tumour of the lung
hamartoma
62
most common metastatic site from tumours of colon, lung, breast
lung
63
most common cancer of paranasal sinus/nasal cavity
squamous cell carcinoma
64
most common salivary glands tumour
mixed tumour
65
most common malignancy of skin
basal cell carcinoma
66
most common renal neoplasms
clear cell > papillary > chromophobe > collecting duct
67
intrinsic apoptosis pathway
1. BAX and BAK proteins move from cytosol to mitochondria (makes it leaky)
2. SMACs +CytC spill into cytosol (SMAC deactivates apoptosis inhibitor and CytC forms Apoptosome complex)
3. apoptosome recruits and activates Procaspase 9 -> Caspase 9 -> Caspase 3
4. caspase cascade cleaves cell organelles
5. destroyed cytoskeleton causes blebs
6. blebs fall off and are eaten by macrophages
68
extrinsic apoptosis pathway
1. macrophages releases TNF alpha
2. TNF alpha binds to TNF receptor 1
3. activates FADD and TRADD to form a complex called DISC
4. procaspase 8 -> caspase 8 -> caspase 3
5. caspase cascade cleaves cell organelles
6. destroyed cytoskeleton causes blebs
7. blebs fall off and are eaten by macrophages
69
necrosis
sum of degradative and inflammatory damage after tissue death caused by injuries
70
coagulative necrosis
interruption of blood supply causes denaturation of proteins, general architecture well preserved except for nucleus
71
liquefactive necrosis
enzymatic liquefaction of necrotic tissue, necrotic tissue is soft and liquefied
72
caseous necrosis
gross appearance is soft and cheese like
73
gangrenous necrosis
interruption of blood supply to a lower extremity or bowel, can be wet or dry
74
fibrinoid necrosis
deposition of fibrin like protein like material in arteries, smudgy pink appearance
75
fat necrosis
liberation of pancreatic enzymes causing autodigestion of pancreas parenchyma and trauma to fat cells, calcium soap formation
76
found in acute pyelonephritis
fever, leukocytosis, flank tenderness, urinary white cells, white cell casts in urine
77
cystitis signs
pyuria, hematuria but NO white cell casts
78
spina bifida
failure of post vertebral arches to close
79
spina bifida occulta
vertebral arch defect limited to one or two vertebrae, no clinically apparent abnormalities
80
spina bifida cystica
spina bifida caused by herniation of meninges
81
calcitonin tumour marker
medullary carcinoma of thyroid
82
catecholamine and metabolites tumour markers of
pheochromocytoma and related tumours
83
alpha fetoprotein tumour markers of
liver cell cancer, nonseminomatous germ cell tumour of testis
84
carcinoembryonic antigen tumour markers of
carcinoma of colon, pancreas, lung, stomach and heart
85
immunoglobulins tumour marker of
multiple myeloma and other gammopathies
86
prostate specific antigen and prostate specific membrane antigen tumour marker of
prostate cancer
87
CA-125
ovarian cancer
88
CA-19-9
colon or pancreatic cancer
89
CA-15-3
breast cancer
90
EGFR mutants in serum
lung cancer
91
TP53, APC, RAS mutants in stool and serum
colon cancer
92
TP53, RAS mutants in stool and serum
pancreatic cancer
93
TP53, RAS mutants in sputum and serum
lung cancer
94
TP53 mutants in urine
bladder cancer
