everything Flashcards by Tillie Mirsky

which of these are the brush boarder enzymes?

lactase
protease
maltase
HCL
amylase
sucrase
lipase

lactase
maltase
sucrase

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what 2 enzymes occur in the mouth?

pepsin
protease
amylase
lipase

amylase
lipase

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what would labs look like with a patient who has anemia of chronic disease? (normal, low, or high)

ferritin - n, l or h
serum iron - l or h
TIBC - l or h

ferritin = normal or high
serum iron = low
TIBC = low

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What causes pallegra?

deficiency in B2
deficiency in B3
Toxicity of B2
Toxicity of B3

deficiency in B3 (niacin)

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Which of the following minerals would you find in black pepper, parsley, dill, and canned apple juice?

boron
vanadium
chromium
molybdenum

vanadium

found in shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill, apple juice, beer, wine

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Which of the following increases glutathione and therefor reduces oxidative stress?

l-glutamate
d-lactate
l-lysine
n-acteylcysteine

n-acteylcysteine

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which is a sign of selenium toxicity?

Skin rashes, brittle hair, garlic breath
Anemia, burning sensation, chills
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Skin rashes, brittle hair, garlic breath

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To make heme, which 4 micronutrients are required?

B6
Vit A
zinc
copper
iron
B5
B12

B6, zinc, iron, B5

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Folate content in foods is reduced by all the following except?

cooking
exposure to sunlight
acidic environment
tannins

tannins

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which vitamin is found in the following: liver, mushrooms, tuna, avocado, fortified cereals

B1
B2
B3
B5
B6

B5 pantothenic acid

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RDA of vit D for adults

5 mcg
10 mcg
15 mcg
20 mcg

15 mcg

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RDA for Potassium in adult females

2000 mg
2400 mg
2600 mg
3000 mg

2600 mg

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Function of vit A

vision, immunity, growth
metabolic reactions
hormone activity
healthy skin, growth, blood vessels

vision, immunity, growth

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Which vitamin is found in the following: sunlight, fish, eggs, mushrooms

A
C
D
E

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what is the RDA for calcium in adults

500 mg
800 mg
1000 mg
1300 mg

1000 mg

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toxicity of what mineral causes end stage renal failure and calcification of soft tissues?

manganese
molybdenum
copper
phosphorus

phosphorus

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toxicity of what mineral causes kidney stones, calcification of tissue and anorexia?

manganese
phosphorus
iron
calcium

calcium

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Which are sources of B1?

chickpeas, sweet potatoes, avocado
dairy, eggs, organ meats
brown rice, fish, chicken
pork, fish, lentils, enriched grains

pork, fish, lentils, enriched grains

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Which vitamin functions are hormone activity, bone and tooth formation?

C
K
D
E

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What is the RDA of phosphorus?

1000 mg
1200 mg
1250 mg
1300 mg

1250 mg

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toxicity of what vitamin causes headaches, dry skin, and joint pain?

C
A
D
E

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Which are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts?

Chylomicrons
liposomes
micelles

micelles

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Salivary amylase functions best at which pH?

3-4
5.5-6.5
6.75-7
8-9.5

6.7-7

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Which mineral is found in almonds, pecans, lima beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy vegetables, pineapple, and dark chocolate?

Ca
Fe
Mg
Mn

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Which stimulates the release of zymogens by the pancreas and stimulates the gallbladder to contract and expel bile? gastrin secretin ghrelin CCK

CCK

Toxicity of what vitamin causes the following: calcification of organs, hypercalcemia, joint pain. A C D E

What is the RDA for vit A in M adults? 500 mcg 700 mcg 900 mcg 1000 mcg

900 mcg

Deficiency in what mineral causes the following: white spots on nails, poor healing, skin issues, loss of taste/smell. copper iron zinc magnesium

zinc

Deficiency in what mineral causes the following: convulsions, neuropathy, impaired metabolism. copper phosphorus manganese selenium

manganese

what nutrient inhibits iron absorption? magnesium Vit C calcium copper

calcium

deficiency of what nutrient causes rickets? C copper D selenium

Which micronutrient is required to oxidize iron so that it can bind to transferrin for transport? vit C calcium copper zinc

copper

Excess amounts of this micronutrient can cause a copper deficiency vit D calcium zinc magnesium

zinc

Which vitamin is associated with NAD/NADH? B1 B2 B3 B5

B3 niacin

Which vitamin is associated with CoA? B1 B2 B3 B5

Which vitamin is associated with FAD/FADH? B1 B2 B3 B5

Which vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan? B1 B2 B3 B5

What are the 4 symptoms of Pellagra? Dementia Death Dehydration Dry skin Dermatitis Diarrhea

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Deficiency of this vitamin is associated with Beriberi B1 B2 B3 B5

B1 thiamine

Deficiency of this B vitamin is associated with alcoholism and congestive heart failure B1 B2 B3 B5

what deficiency causes the following: corneal vascularization (increased red blood vessels in whites of eyes), angular stomatosis, chelosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis Vit A B1 Zinc B2

B2 riboflavin

toxicity of what B vitamin causes the following: flushing, itching, redness, burning B1 B2 B3 B5

B3 niacin

Pernicious anemia is a _____________ (megaloblastic, macrocytic, microcytic, or multiple) anemia.

megaloblastic, macrocytic

Anemia as a result of folate deficiency is considered......(megaloblastic, macrocytic, microcytic, or multiple) anemia.

megaloblastic, microcytic

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of...... iron b12 zinc folate

b12

Autoimmune gastritis is associated with which anemia? pernicious anemia iron deficiency anemia folate deficiency anemia sideroblastic anemia

pernicious anemia

Sideroblastic anemia is ____________ (macrocytic, normocytic, microcytic) and (hypochromic, normochromic)

microcytic, hypochromic

How much folic acid is recommended for pregnant women? 200 mcg 400 mcg 800 mcg 1000 mcg

400 mcg

The safe minimal internal temp for beef, pork and lamb is.. 145 F 155 F 165 F

145 F

which of the following symptoms could be present with thiamine deficiency? flushing insomnia pellagra abnormal gait and mental confusion

abnormal gait and mental confusion

What are the 9 essential amino acids? Private (PVT) TIM HaLL

Phenylalanine valine tryptophan threonine isoleucine methionine histidine Leucine lysine

What are sulfa drugs?

antibiotics, treat infections like UTIS, skin, vaginal, eye infections

What are some sources of flavonoids? green tea, licorice root, apples, wine berries, coffee, spices, grapes nuts, grains, seeds

green tea, licorice, etc

DRI for carbohydrates for pregnant women? 120 g 140 g 175 g 200 g

175 g

your client is experiencing lethargy, apathy, irritability, changes in pigmentation, edema, and low serum albumin. What condition may they have? vit c deficiency zinc deficiency kwashiorkor marasmus

kwashiorkor

Examples of high oxalate foods

blackberries, blueberries, kiwi, spinach, celery, nuts, soy, black tea

sideroblastic microcytic anemia -high or low iron? -deficiency of what nutrient?

-high iron (not making use of it, low RBC) -B6

What drug inhibits absorption of iron, inhibits excretion of potassium, and increases urinary zinc excretion?

ACE inhibitors (end in -pril) treat high blood pressure

which of the following nutrients is needed for glycogenolysis? B2 B3 B5 B6

Beta blockers end in ()

lol

Which of the following SNPs is associated with increased risk of hypertension in individuals who consume excess sodium? ACE AGT CYP1A2 MTHFR

ACE

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the rate-limiting step in glycolysis? Phosphofructokinase Hexokinase Pyruvate kinase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Phosphofructokinase

Which of the following supplements may interact with the blood-thinning medication warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding? Calcium Vitamin C Magnesium Fish oil

fish oil

What nutrients are required for the production of melatonin? Zinc B6 Tyrosine Magnesium Tryptophan

zinc, tryptophan, magnesium

Zinc interferes with absorption of what nutrient and vise versa

copper

Which category of medications may lead to decreased absorption of vitamin B12, and should therefore be monitored closely in patients at risk of deficiency? ACE inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Antidepressants Antihistamines

PPIs

Calcium inhibits absorption of what nutrient

Iron

Sources of choline

meat, fish, pork, eggs, dairy

Signs of B2 deficiency

stomatitis, swollen red tongue, cheilosis, blurred vision, depression

__________ is required to convert thiamin to its biologically active form and is also required for certain thiamin-dependent enzymes. Magnesium Zinc Vitamin B6 Vitamin C

magnesium

Which of the following genetic variants is associated with reduced ability to metabolize caffeine? CYP1A2 MTHFR FTO APOE

CYP1A2

Which medication could interact with calcium and other minerals, potentially leading to mineral deficiencies? Lisinopril Metformin Alendronate

Alendronate-treats osteoporosis

glycolysis inputs and outputs

inputs: glucose, ADP, NAD+ outputs: pyruvate, ATP, NADH

citric acid cycle (Krebs) inputs and outputs

inputs: acetyl CoA, NAD, FAD, ADP outputs: CO2, NADH, FADH, ATP

Which foods may you recommend avoiding for clients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?

sauerkraut, pickled/fermented foods (tyramine containing foods)

RDA for iodine 75 mg 100 mg 125 mg 150 mg

150 mg

B12 deficiency macrocytic anemia microcytic anemia

macrocytic anemia

What enhances vitamin C L-carnitine L-gluatmine L-lysine

L-carnitine

RDA for zinc M & F

8mg F, 11mg M

what two nutrients enhance calcium vit A zinc iron Selenium copper

vit A and selenium

hoshimotos, goiter and cystic fibrosis are causes by what nutrient toxicity?

iodine

magnesium deficiency diarrhea, cramping, stomach pain yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel

yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress

B6 deficiency diarrhea, cramping, stomach pain yawning, sighing, insomnia, stress depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel

depression, anxiety, anemia, carpel tunnel

which of the following mineral supplementation may be used to increase testosterone levels, increase estrogen levels, or treat osteoporosis? nickel selenium zinc boron

boron

Raisins, dates, Brazil nuts, apricots, and avocados are a source of what? selenium nickel boron molybdenum

boron

What amino acid is a precursor for dopamine? tyrosine tryptophan serotonin melatonin

tyrosine

what Amino acid is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin?

tryptophan

A decrease in epinephrine causes a __ In glucagon

increase

what does aldosterone do? increase secretion of water from kidneys increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys increase reabsorption of potassium in kidneys stimulates production of antidiuretic hormone

increase reabsorption of sodium in kidneys

CYP3A4 is responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of medicines. What is one supplement that significantly increases its activity?

St Johns wort St Johns wort makes liver enzymes work faster or slower (usually faster)(Which is why it causes either too low of levels or too high of levels of medications.)

what classification is under 5th percentile 5-85 85-95th percentile 95-99 percentile

underweight normal overweight obese

Hemolytic anemia is an indicator of what nutrient deficiency? C E B12 D

BMI range of 25-29.9 is considered?

overweight

High doses of this vit can lead to sensory neuropathy, ataxia, and degeneration of neurons B5 B2 B6 B3

B6 its a neurotransmitter

Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates? phase 1 phase 2

phase 1

Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates? phase 1 phase 2

phase 1

Oxidations, reduction, dehalogenations, hydrolysis, dehyrogenations, dealkylations are types of reactions that occur in which phase of biotransformation? 1 2

phase 1

phase 2 reactions include glucuoronidations sulfations acetylations methylations peptide conjugations all of the above

all of the above

Harris Benedict equation is used to calculate total energy expenditure REE thermal effect of food energy required for growth

REE

what is the mifflin st jeor calculation (BMR)

M: 10 X kg + 6.25 X cm - 5 X age - 5 F: 10 X kg +6.25 X cm - 5 X age -161

What are val, leu, ILE referred to as?

BCAAs

Alternative calculation for REE estimation (kcal/kg) 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30

20-25 kcal/kg

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, as well as transkelotase require which vit? b1 D biotin B12

Which causes the intestinal smooth muscle to contract to push food along the tract? secretin CCK acetylcholine epinephrine

acetylcholine

what does coffee and tea contain that can impair B1 absorption? thiaminase silicon polyphenols tannins

tannins

which of these are caused by B1 deficiency? berberi pallegra wernickle-korsakoffs branched chain keto acidosis epilepsy

berberi wernickle-korsakoffs branched chain keto acidosis

Which vitamin is required for ETC function, reduction reactions, oxidation of AAS and FAS, hepatitis drug detox, condensation of acetate or pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and what is the cofactor it is a precursor for? B2, FAD B3, NAD B1, TPP B6, P5P

B2, FAD

Selenium RDA 40 55 65 75

55 mcg

What are the aromatic AAS

Trp, Tyr, Phe Phe -> tyrosine Tyr & Trp -> neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

Chronic deficiency of which leads to dermatitis, cheliosis, glossitis, blurred vision, face and genital eczema? B1 B2 B3 B5

B2 riboflavin

Cheese, yorugr, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, asparagus, avocados, broccoli are good sources of? B2 B3 folate

b2 riboflavin

What is the upper limit for daily niacin? 30mg 35mg 3 mg 3g

35mg

which nutrient functions in dehydrogenase enzymes, are needed for CHO metabolism Bia glycolysis, and steroid synthesis. what are the coenzymes? Niacin (NAD) Riboflavin (FAD) Thiamine (TPP) Folate (folic acid)

Niacin (NAD)

eggs, liver, fish m milk/cheese, potatoes, corn, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes are good sources of C E niacin folate

niacin B3

which vitamin is used in macronutrient metabolism and signs of deficiency are dry scaly skin, anorexia, seborrhea, nausea B1 B3 B5 Biotin

biotin

Which vitamin plays a critical role in fat and cho utilization, oxidation/reductions rxns of energy metabolism, manufacturing of adrenal hormones and RBC metabolism Biotin B5 B6 B1

which nutrient is hindered by the presence of all, antibiotics, and avidin? B1 B3 Biotin B6

Biotin

fatigue, nausea, and burning feet syndrome are signs of which deficiency B1 B6 biotin B5

good food sources of _ include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats, potatoes, peas, beans and salt water fish B1 B6 biotin B5

chicken, lamb, pork, beef, beans, yeast, milk/cheese, saltwater fish are sources of B1 B6 biotin B5

biotin

which nutrient in large doses could accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation? B5 biotin B6 vit A

which nutrient is vital for healthy blood formation and nervous system function, required for 1 carbon methyl group transfers, fatty acid ox, DNA synthesis, cell division, and RBC differentiation? B5 biotin B12 B6

B12

dermatitis, anemia, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, convulsions, brain wave abnormalities are sings of which deficiency? B5 B6 B12 biotin

which is required for collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, reduction of free radicals, synthesis of norepinephrine, dopamine, tryptophan, and tyrosine? B6 vit C biotin Vit A

Vit C

impaired nervous function, confusion, depression, memory loss, impaired coordination, peripheral neuritis, moodiness secondary folate deficiency are signs of which deficiency? B12 B6 vit C biotin

B12

which is needed for protein and AA metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, hormone synthesis heme synthesis, RBC differentiation, and MTHF B6 Vit C biotin B12

what is the coenzyme form of B6

pyridoxal 5 phosphate (must be phosphylated)

citrus fruit, berries, and veggies are sources of A C folate B6

meat, fish , eggs, cheese, milk and liver are sources of C B12 B6 A

B12

in gluconeogensis, 1 glucose is formed by: 1 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP 2 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP

anticonvulsants, barbiturates, and cortisone can impair the bioavailability of A D E K

squash, yams, cantaloupe, dark green leafy veggies, fish oil and liver are good sources of A D E K

green leafy veggies, veg oils, nuts, legumes, and wheat germ are good sources of A D E K

antibiotics, dilantin, aspirin, and anticoagulants as well as high doses of vit E affect the bioavailability of A D E K

What deficiencies are likely in a patient with ataxia? K and D iron, folate E, B12, thiamine Mg, Zn, Se

E, B12, thiamine

nausea, appetite loss, diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness are signs of which toxicity? A D E K

green leafy veggies, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, egg yolks, cheese, liver, intestinal microflora are sources of A D K E

vit K

which recycles oxidized vit C and beta carotene A D E K

toxic levels of this vitamin cause hemolytic anemia A D E K

headache, fatigue, blurred vision, dry skin, weakness, nausea, hair loss, vertigo, appetite loss are signs of which toxicity A D K E

vit A

What is aplastic anemia

Anemia that is inherited or acquired where the bone marrow is damaged and can’t make enough RBC, platelets, white blood cells

What is hemolytic anemia

Anemia where the RBCs die faster than they are replaced

What is thalassemia

Inherited blood disorder where your body has suboptimal hemoglobin

What nutrient deficiency increases risk of glucose intolerance and development of diabetes

chromium

Diabetes excretes which minerals? Magnesium Boron Zinc Iron Chromium

Magnesium Zinc Chromium

Metformin is a drug used for what condition? and depletes which nutrients?

diabetes folic acid, B12

Insulin depletes which nutrient

magnesium

7 Nutrients of concern with osteoporosis

calcium vit d vit k magnesium phosphorus boron vit c

what are Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Risedronate) used for? what 4 nutrients interfere?

osteporosis magnesium calcium zinc iron

what nutrients convert homocysteine to methionine?

B6, B9, B12

what 10 nutrients are important for cardiovascular disease prevention

fiber B6, B9, B12 calcium magnesium EFAs (omegas, DHA, EPA) Vit C, E, selenium

What are ACE inhibitors (lisinopril) used for? What nutrient does it deplete?

blood pressure zinc

What are beta blockers ex: atenolol used for? What nutrients does it deplete?

blood pressure CoQ10, chromium, melatonin

what are Calcium Channel Blockers ex: amlodipine used for? what nutrient does it deplete?

vitamin D

What are statins ex atorvastatin used for? what nutrient does it deplete?

high cholesterol CoQ10

what nutrient deficiency causes easy bruising? iron zinc b12 choline

iron

Vitamin A absorption is increased by

vit E, zinc, protein

Arachidonic is why kind of fat?

poly unsaturated omega 6 (part of inflammatory process-dont want excess)

what kind of fat is Stearic

saturated fat (not considered harmful)

what kind of fat is Oleic

mono-unsaturated omega 9

achalasia

dysfunction of the esophagus

Gastritis

inflammation of the stomach lining.

Deficiencies of iron generally would result in which type of anemia? Microcytic Megaloblastic Macrocytic Hemolytic

Microcytic Megaloblastic anemia is specific to B12 deficiency Macrocytic anemia is most specifically attributed to low B12 Hemolytic anemia is caused when the RBCs are being destroyed faster than they can be made. This is rare and is usually linked with diseases such as sickle cell and lupus

Phenytoin, a common drug used to treat epilepsy, depletes with which of the following nutrients? Biotin B12 Folate Thiamin

Folate

Which of the trace minerals is considered essential for normal brain function? Chromium Vanadium Fluorine Manganese

Manganese

How much weight should women of normal weight gain during pregnancy? 15-25 lbs 28-40 lbs 20-35 lbs 25-35 lbs

25-35 lbs

An excessive intake of this mineral can inhibit copper absorption. It is known as: calcium molybdenum iodine iron

molybdenum

You have a patient with Multiple Sclerosis. He/she has been treated with corticosteroids long term. What nutrition intervention is appropriate? increasing complex CHO intake iron and omega-3 fish oils supplementation with antioxidants promoting the Atkins diet supplementation with vitamin D and calcium

supplementation with vitamin D and calcium

A deficiency in which of the following will increase blood pressure and cholesterol? Selenium. Iron. Copper. Zinc.

copper

Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is known as which of the following? dawn phenomenon lactic acidosis Somogyi effect ketoacidosis

Somogyi effect

Deprivation of which of the following nutrients during periods of rapid growth impairs brain and sexual development? folate niacin zinc B5

zinc

Someone who takes medication for an ulcer is likely to have which of the following depleted? Vitamin D. Vitamin B12. Vitamin A. Vitamin E

ulcer medication are PPIs b12 is depleted

PPIs deplete what two nutrients b6 b12 b5 magnesium zinc

b12, magnesium

Kesha's disease is caused by deficiency of vandadium copper zinc selenium

selenium

high quantities of this mineral impairs iron metabolism, causes anorexia, insomnia, and muscle pain manganese copper molybdenum iron

molybdenum

What is hyposmia?

decreased sense of smell

what is the mai extracellular anion and primary regulator of fluid and acid-base balance sodium chloride potassium magnesium Calcium

calcium

sterility, anemia, neuro disorders/nerve damage, muscle weakness are signs of which deficiency? A D E K

which vitamin has a form that can, when given alone, increase lung cancer risk in smokers? A D E K

which is an integral component of GSH (glutathione), insulin, keratin, and vital for cartilage, skin and CT calcium sulfur magnesium sodium

sulfur

cloves are useful for which conditions? due to? niple soreness bruises and burns toothache and muscle cramps HTN

toothache and muscle cramps due to eugenol which is an anesthetic

chronic deficiency of this mineral causes hyperparathyroidism, muscle irritability, irritation, disorientation, convulsions, cramps, twitches calcium sulfur magnesium sodium

magnesium

upper limit of calcium 1500 1750 2000 2500

2500 mg

which beriberi do these sx belong to muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness, decreased sensation in fingers and toes dry wet cerebral infantile

dry

the most bioavailable forms of mag and calcium are glycinate lactate citrate gluconate

citrate

processed foods, soft drinks, high protein foods, and cereal products are sources of calcium phosphorus magnesium boron

phosphorus

Etoh (alc) and caffeine increase urinary excretion of calcium sulfur magnesium potassium

magnesium

chronic ingestion of large amounts of protein, caffeine and odium will increase urinary excretion of which? calcium sulfur magnesium potassium

calcium

which b vitamin assists in redox reactions and reactions that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage B1 B2 B3 B5

which enhances the use of iron? copper molybdenum nickel

nickel

soybean, prunes, raisins, almond, rose hips, peanuts, and hazel nuts are good sources of chromium boron copper manganese

boron

nuts, whole grains, legumes, liver are sources of copper boron nickel manganese

copper

brewers yeast, grain, salmon, honey are good sources of chromium copper molybdenum nickel

chromium

which phytonutrient helps clear glucose from the blood lycopene curcuminoids colosolic acid isoflavones

colosolic acid

impaired reproduction along with decreased life expectancy are signs of what deficiency iodine copper molybdenum nickel

molybdenum

protein requirements for adolescents .8 .85 .9 .95

.95

which botanical is used for coughing and asthma lavender hawthorn burdock

burdock

high amounts of dietary carbs will increase urinary excretion of chromium manganese copper boron

chromium

which are needed to form niacin from tryptophan B2,B3, Mg B1, B2, B6 B6, B3, Mg B2, B6, iron

B2, B6, iron

the safe range for iron dosing is

below 75mg

Cystic fibrosis, chronic renal failure, and UTIs are associated with alkaline or acidic urine

alkaline

IBD is associated with acidic or alkaline urine

acidic

MTHFR what does it do

homocysteine to methionine detox

agonists of MTHFR

b12, colonic acid, B2

COMT involved with? signs of SNP

breakdown of catecholamine neurotransmitters -anxiety, add, add, hypertension, high pain sensitivity

agonists of COMT

magnesium p-5-p

antagonists of COMT

cannabis, rhodiola, green tea

VDR what does it do

vitamin d receptor, antiinflammatory drug and steroid metabolism

VDR agonist

vit d

slow comp problems

Those with a slow COMT will have higher levels of cortisol and suffer from HPA axis dysregulation.

CYP19A1 (aromatase) what does it due

called essential in the synthesis of estrogen, specifically estradiol. Makes estradiol from testosterone

CYP3A4 what does it do

metabolize vit d and testosterone

CY3A4 agonist

kava kava & st johns wort, glucocorticoids (Nsaids) st johns wort- dont use if taking drugs it will make drug metabolized faster and less effective

CY3A4 antagonist

grapefruit (dont consume with statins) goldenseal resveretrol

aromatase inhibitors

soy and selenium (useful for women w/ too much estrogen)

BCO1/BCMO1 what does it do

converts beta carotene to vitamin A (retinol)

HLA-DQ2 is associated with?

celiac disease

APOE-E4 is associated with?

alzhiemers

what occurs due to poor kidney function

metabolic acidosis hyperkalemia hyperphosphatemia hypocalcemia (due to reduced calcitriol-vit d) anemia

nutrients to increase for impaired kidney function

calcium vit d

nutrients to limit for impaired (renal ) kidney function

potassium and protein phosphorus fat soluble vit (A, K)

which amino acid helps with anxiety attacks

glycine

normal kidney function GFR

>90

end stage renal failure GFR (glomular filtration rate)

<15

normal A1C level

below 5.7

normal cholesterol

<200

normal fasting glucose

70-100

CKD stage GFR level (mL/min/1.73 m2) Stage 1 ≥ 90 Stage 2 60 – 89 Stage 3 30 – 59 Stage 4 15 – 29 Stage 5 < 15

normal triglycerides

<150

optimal hdl

>60

normal blood pressure

120/80

high phosphorus foods

meat, dairy, nuts, beans, soda

high potassium foods

oranges, bananas, potatoes, wild/ brown rice, dairy

what is chyme what does it stimulate

fluid that passes from stomach to small intestine (gastric juices and partially digested food) stimulates secretin

what are enterocytes

cells that line gut (mostly small intestine)

what does secretin do?

stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate towards common bile duct

what does cholecystokinin do

stimulates pancreatic secretion of zymogens which stimulates gallbladder contraction of bile into common bile duct

GALT contains what percentage of total immune cells in body

50-60% (primer)

what does low urine excretion mannitol mean

small intestinal malasorption

what does high lactulose urinary excretion mean

increased small intestinal impermeability