Everything Flashcards
(310 cards)
1
Q
Erythrocytes function
A
Pick up inhaled O2 and transport to body’s tissues, pick up some CO2 at tissues and transport to lungs for exhalation.
2
Q
Leukocyte function
A
Protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells. Leave bloodstream
3
Q
Types of leukocytes
A
Monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophils
4
Q
Neutrophil’s appearance and function
A
Appearance: many forms of nuclei. Contain granules
Function: phagocytosis - ingests bacteria
5
Q
What are the two types of lymphocytes and their functions
A
B-lymphocyte: when stimulated by viruses and bacteria, they are transformed to plasma cells. Antibodies created from plasma cells
T-lymphocyte: each type has specific function e.g. natural killer cell’s which recognise + destroy foreign material
6
Q
Macrophages
A
Monocytes that have transverse the wall of capillaries and enter connective tissue: becoming phagocytise macrophages.
Surrounds and kills microorganisms
Removes dead cells
Stimulate action of other leukocytes to site of infection
7
Q
Function of platelets
A
Homeostasis (1/3 to spleen)
Secrete growth factors for tissue repair and growth
8
Q
Flow of blood
A
Deoxygenated blood returns through superior and inferior vena cava into right atrium, which is then pumped into right ventricle through tricuspid valve. RV pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semilunar valve, branch into left and right pulmonary arteries which branch into pulmonary capillaries leading to gas exchange (O2 enter; CO2 exits).
Pulmonary veins (usually 4) carries blood back into left atrium, which pumps into left ventricle through bicuspid valve and then up the aortic semilunar valve through aorta
9
Q
Where does superior vena cava drain from
A
Superior to thoracic diaphragm: head, neck, upper limbs and thoracic region
10
Q
Where does the inferior vena cava drain from
A
Inferior to thoracic diaphragm: lower limbs and abdominopelvic region
11
Q
Membrane of heart is called ________
A
Pericardium/pericardial sac
12
Q
Strands of connective tissue in heart (valves)
A
Trabeculae carneaea -> papillary muscle -> chordate tendineae
13
Q
What artery supplied blood to heart
A
Coronary arteries
14
Q
Brachiocephalic trunk located only on the ______ side branches into______
A
Right
Right subclavian artery, right common carotid artery
15
Q
Subclavian artery supplies blood to _______
A
Upper limb, thorax, shoulders, back and CNS
16
Q
Vertebral artery is a branch of ________ and supplies blood to ___________
A
The subclavian artery
Brain and spinal cord, passing through vertebral for amen in cervical vertebrae and for amen magnum
17
Q
The external carotid artery supplies blood to _________
A
Structures in the face, lower jaw, neck, oesophagus and larynx
18
Q
The internal carotid artery forms and expansion called the _______ which has ________ for cardiovascular homeostasis
A
Carotid sinus
Bioreceptors and chemoreceptors
19
Q
Abdominal aorta gives rise to a single _______
A
A coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery
20
Q
The coeliac trunk divides into ________, each of these supply to __________
A
Left gastric artery; stomach and oesophagus
Splenic artery; spleen
Common hepatic artery; liver
21
Q
Superior mesenteric artery branches and supplies blood to ________
A
The small intestine, pancreas and majority of large intestine
22
Q
Inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to ________
A
Distal segment of large intestine
23
Q
Abdominal aorta gives rise to paired _______ (2) and supply to ________
A
Renal arteries; kidney
Gonadal artery; ovarian (ovary, uterine tube and uterus) / testicular (testes)
24
Q
Each common iliac artery provide blood to _______ and split into_________
A
Pelvic region/lower limbs
External and internal iliac arteries
25
Internal iliac artery sends branches into_________
Urinary bladder, walls of pelvis, external genitalia and medial portion of femoral region
26
External iliac artery supplies blood to_________
Each lower limb
27
The superior vena cava drains ________
Most of body superior to thoracic diaphragm: thoracic wall, head, neck and upper limbs
28
_________ forms a confluence with ________to form the brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian and internal jugular vein
29
Right and left brachiocephalic veins confluence to form _________
Superior vena cava
30
Remaining blood from thorax drains into _________
Azygous vein
31
The superior sagittal sinus carries venous blood though jugular foramen into the _________
Internal jugular vein
32
Most common site for drawing venous blood
Median cubical vein
33
What are vena comitantes
Organisation of veins in distal parts of limbs where paired veins lie on either side of an artery
34
Hepatic portal vein receives blood from________ veins and drains into _________
Superior and inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein
Liver
35
Hepatic portal vein is usually formed from the confluence of ________ and _________
Splenic and superior mesenteric veins
36
Example of simple squamous epithelium
Air sacs of lungs
Lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
37
Example of simple cuboidal epithelium
Lining of kidney tubules + ducts of glands
38
Example of simple columnar epithelium (ciliated + smooth)
Ciliated: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
Smooth: digestive tract, bladder
39
Example of simple ciliated columnar epithelium
Lining of Fallopian tubes, uterine tubes, uterus
Parts of respiratory system
40
Example of simple non-ciliated columnar epithelium
Digestive tract + bladder
41
Example of pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Trachea and upper respiratory tract
42
Example of stratified squamous epithelium
Oesophagus, mouth, vagina
43
Example of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
44
Example of stratified columnar epithelium
Male urethra + ducts of some glands
45
Example of transitional epithelium
Bladder, urethra, ureters
46
Secretions of endocrine glands are called ________
Hormones
47
Exocrine gland secretions examples
Sweat, mucous, saliva, breast milk
48
Function of dense connective tissue
Tensile strength, elasticity and protection
49
Function of supportive connective tissue
Structure and strength and protects soft tissues
50
Fibroblast function
Secretes protein fibres into matrix (extra cellular space)
51
Function of adipocyte
Lipid storage cells
52
Resident connective tissue cell examples
Adipocytes, fibroblasts
53
Migratory connective tissue cell example
Macrophage, leukocyte
54
The 3 types of connective tissue fibres
Collagenous fibres, reticular fibres, elastic fibres
55
Collagenous fibres function
Strong, flexible, resistant to stretching
56
Reticular fibres definition and examples
Branch to form a net-like supporting framework. Fine network around small blood vessels, muscle fibres, nerve fibres and adipocytes.
57
Areolar connective tissue location
Superficial fascia, around nerves and blood vessels + connects other primary tissues, organ components and organs together
58
Two types of dense connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
59
Where is dense regular connective tissue located and they enhance________
Tendons and aponeuroses
Tensile strength and resistance to stretching by having fibres parallel to each other
60
Location and function of dense irregular connective tissue
Dermis of skin, fibrous capsules of some organs, periosteum, endosteum
Greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction
61
Types of cartilaginous tissues (3)
Hyaline cartilaginous tissue, elastic cartilaginous tissue, fibrocartilage
62
Hyaline cartilage function
Provides flexible support in respiratory tract and resiliency in articular surfaces of synovial joints.
Longitudinal growth of bones.
63
Elastic cartilaginous tissue function
Provide flexible support
64
Fibrocartilage function and location
Located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, intra-articular discs, articular surfaces of some synovial joints
Some tendons and ligaments at point of attachment to bone.
65
Bone tissue function
Rigidity and slight flexibility of bones, maintenance of calcium stores in the body
Primary location of blood cell production (haemopoiesis)
66
Types of bone tissue and their differences
Cortical: dense, low-porosity, less metabolically active tissue
Trabecular: honey-comb like network, higher turnover rate
67
Bone cell types and their functions
Osteoblast: deposit bone
Osteocyte: maintain bone
Osteoclast: break down bone
68
Central canal of cortical bone tissue function
Passageway through centre of osteopathic carrying blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
69
Perforating canal of cortical bone tissue function
Passageway connecting adjacent central canals, allows blood vessels, nerve, lymphatic vessels to travel deeper
70
Lacunae of cortical bone tissue function
Spaces that house the cell processes of osteocytes, allowing communication
71
Canaliculi of cortical bone tissue function
Small canals housing osteocytes, allowing communication
72
What connective tissue is the periosteum and endosteum of cortical bone tissue made from
Irregular connective tissue
73
Examples of hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage, tracheal cartilaginous rings, most laryngeal cartilages, epiphyseal growth plate, costal cartilage
74
Examples of elastic cartilage
Auricle of ear, auditory tube, epiglottis of larynx
75
Bone marrow location
Spaces in spongy bone tissue
76
Lymphoid nodules function
Filtration and immune defence
77
What trunks drain into right lymphatic duct
Right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk (duct may be absent, then lymph drains into venous system directly)
78
What trunks drain into thoracic duct
Left jugular trunk, left subclavian trunk
79
What trunk drains into cisterna chyli
Lumbar trunks
80
Where does cisterna chyli drain into
Thoracic duct
81
Where does lymph from right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct drain into
Junction of Internal jugular and subclavian veins (paired veins for each side). Which then drains into superior vena cava
82
Afferent vs efferent lymph nodes
Afferent: brings unfiltered fluids from body into lymph node where it is filtered
Efferent: carries clean fluid away and back to venous system
83
Paranasal sinus function
Lined w epithelium to help humidify and warm air
Makes skull lighter and provides voice resonance
84
3 parts of pharynx:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
85
Largyngeal cartilages (3)
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage
86
Purpose of motile cilia in mucosa of trachea and primary bronchi
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells, moves mucous-trapped particles out of respiratory tract
87
Primary lymphoid organs (2)
Bone marrow and thymus
88
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes, lymphoid nodules and spleen
89
All red bone marrow is produced in the _________, B-lymphocytes mature in __________, T-lymphocytes mature in ____________
Red bone marrow
Bone marrow
Thymus
90
Appearance of lumbar vertebrae
large and thick vertebrae body
short transverse process
short, rectangular spinous process projects posteriorly
articular process are large w superior process facing medially + inferior laterally
91
Appearance of cervical vertebrae
small body, bifid spinous process
transverse process sharply curved (opening - transverse foramen)
atlas: anterior/posterior arch
axis: dens
92
Appearance of thoracic vertebrae
bodies larger, long and pronounced inferiorly sloped angle; overlaps with next inferior vertebrae
superior articular process faces anteriorly, inf. articular process faces posteriorly in coronal plane
costal facet where rib attaches
93
How is the pectoral girdle formed
a clavicle and its adjoining scapula (only connection between appendicular and axial skeleton
94
function of long bone and examples
leverage; tibia, fibula, femur
95
function of short bone and examples
stability support, allows some motion
scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, capitate
96
function of flat bones and examples
points for attachment for muscles, protects internal organs
occipital, parietal, frontal, sternum
97
function of irregular bones and examples
protects internal organs
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sphenoid
98
function of sesamoid bones and examples
protects tendons from wear and tear, increase lever of muscle action
patella
99
what cartilage is the epiphyseal plate made of and its function
hyaline cartilage in a long bone where bone undergoes longitudinal growth
100
auditory ossicles (3)
malleus, incus, stapes
101
what does the condylar process of the mandible articulate with to form the temporomandibular joint
temporal bone
102
joints/sutures of the skull
coronal suture and sagittal suture
103
function of hyoid bone
stabilisation of the tongue during swallowing and speech production
site for muscle attachment in neck
104
vertebral column (regions and no. of vertebrae)
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
105
describe true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs
true ribs: superior 7 ribs articulate by their costal cartilage directly with sternum
false ribs: inferior 5 pairs
floating ribs: pairs 11 and 12 which don't connect with sternum at all
106
primary curvature of vertebral column
concave ant., present at birth: thoracic and sacrococcygeal curvature
107
secondary curvature of vertebral column
convex anteriorly, develops postnatally: cervical and lumbar curvature
108
what feature is unique to the cervical vertebrae
transverse foramina: transmits the right and left vertebral arteries in C1 to C6
109
unique features of the atlas (C1)
absence of spinous process and body. Contains anterior arch and post. arch
110
unique features of the axis (C2)
body presents 2 larger sup. articular facets for the atlas
dens extends sup. from body
post. directed pedicles
short transverse process
bifid spinous process
111
the adult sacrum is fused with __________. It articulates with ______________
five fused sacral vertebrae
fifth lumbar vertebrae, the coccyx and two hip bones.
112
the sacrum's auricular surface articulates with the ilium of the os coxa to form ___________
sacroiliac joint
113
how many pairs of ventral sacral foramina and what passes through
four pairs, spinal nerve roots
114
how is the coccyx formed
4 coccygeal vertebrae often fused together
115
the sternal end of the clavicle articulates with _____________
the sternum
116
the acromial end of the clavicle articulate with _______________
the acromion process of the scapula
117
glenoid fossa articulates with _______________
the head of the humerus
118
what type of cartilage is the proximal head of the humerus made from
hyaline articular cartilage
119
function of the intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove of proximal humerus
elongated groove between the greater and lesser tubercles; passageway for the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
120
function of deltoid tuberosity
insertion site for the deltoid muscle
121
what does the capitulum of the humerus articulate with
the head of radius
122
what does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with
trochlea notch of the ulna
123
function of radial tuberosity
biceps brachii muscle insertion
124
function of ischial tuberosity
hamstrings muscle attachment
125
ischial ramus fuses with the inferior ramus of the pubis to form the _______________
ischiopubic ramus
126
the symphyseal surface of the pubis of hip bone is the site of articulation of _________________
contralateral hip bone to form the pubic symphysis
127
the inferior pubic ramus unites with ___________
the ramus of the ischium
128
what does the acetabulum articulate with to form what joint
head of femur
hip joint
129
the head of femur is covered by what type of cartilage
articular hyaline cartilage
130
what do the medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with
the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
131
what does the patella articulate with
the patellar surface of the femur
132
site of attachments for the cruciate ligaments
anterior and post. intercondylar fossae, and intercondylar notch
133
the tibial tuberosity is the site of insertion of the __________
quadriceps femoris tendon
134
the sup. and med. surfaces of the talus articulates with _________. The lateral surface articulates with ____________
the tibia
the fibula
135
Fibrous joints contain what type of tissue between ends of adjoining bones
dense connective tissue
136
cartilaginous joints contain what type of tissue
hyaline cartilaginous tissue/fibrocartilage
137
synovial joints are the ends of adjoining bones that are covered by __________ cartilage and ___________ fluid fills the intervening cavity
articular
synovial
138
functional classification of joints: (3)
synarthrosis: immobile
amphiarthroses: limited mobility
diarthroses: freely mobile joint
139
types of fibrous joints (3) and their functional classification
sutures (synarthrosis)
syndesmoses (amphiarthroses)
gomphoses (synarthroses)
140
types of cartilaginous joints (2) and their functional classification
synchondrosis (growing epiphyseal plate, costochondral joints) - synarthrosis
symphysis (pubic symphysis, anterior intervertebral joints) - amphiarthrosis
141
the bursa is a thin connective tissue sac filled with ____________
synovial fluid
142
example of intracapsular ligament
ant. and post. cruciate ligament
143
example of extracapsular ligament
patellar ligament
144
types of synovial joints (6), examples and mobility degree
plane: posterior intervertebral joints, intercarpal joints (uniaxial)
hinge: elbow joint, interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes (uniaxial)
pivot: median atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint (uniaxial)
condyloid: metacarpophalangeal joints, radiocarpal joint (biaxial)
saddle: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, sternoclavicular joint (biaxial)
ball and socket: glenohumeral joint, hip joint (multiaxial)
145
how is the sternoclavicular joint formed
medial end of the clavicle, the manubrium of the sternum and costal cartilage of the first rib
146
how is the acromioclavicular joint formed
lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula
147
how is the glenohumeral joint formed
glenoid fossa of the scapula and head of humerus (supported by many extracapsular ligaments and glenoid labrum)
148
how is the elbow joint formed
articulation between the distal humerus and proximal ends of the radius and the ulna
149
how is the proximal radioulnar joint formed
between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
150
how is the middle radioulnar joint formed
interosseous membrane bridging the gap between the midshafts of the ulna and radius
151
how is the radiocarpal joint formed
distal end of radius, an articular disc and proximal row of carpal bones
152
how is the intercarpal joint formed
multiple articulations between adjacent carpal bones
153
how is the first carpometacarpal (of thumb) joint formed
articular surface of the trapezium and articular surface of the base of the first metacarpal bone
154
how is the second to fifth carpometacarpal joint formed
distal row of carpal bones and bases of metacarpal bones 2-5
155
how is the metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) joint formed
between heads of metacarpals and bases of the proximal phalanges
156
how is the interphalangeal joint formed
between proximal and distal phalanges of the pollux/hallux, between the proximal and middle phalanges of fingers/toes 2-5, and between the middle and distal phalanges of fingers/toes 2-5
157
how is the pubic symphysis joint formed
between the pubic parts of the two os coxa
158
how is the hip joint formed
head of femur and acetabulum of the os coxa. Supported by fibrocartilage acetabulum labrum and extracapsular ligaments (iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral)
159
how is the knee joint formed
articulation of the patella, femur and tibia.
160
how is the talocrural (ankle) joint formed
between talus and distal ends of tibia and fibula
161
the intracapsular structures and extracapsular ligaments that support the knee joint
intracapsular structures: medial and lateral menisci, ant. and post. cruciate ligaments
extracapsular ligaments: med. tibial and lateral fibular collateral ligaments, patellar ligament
162
how is the costocondral joint formed
between each costal cartilage and its adjacent rib
163
how is the manubriosternal joint formed
between manubrium and body of sternum
164
how is the anterior intervertebral joint formed
intervertebral discs and opposing surfaces of the vertebral bodies
165
how is the post. intervertebral joint formed
ipsilateral sup. and inf. articular facets of adjacent vertebrae
166
how is the median atlantoaxial joint formed
dens of the axis and anterior arch of the atlas
167
What is an intervertebral disc and its two parts (+ description)
Fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies. Helps is weight bearing. Two parts:
Annulus fibrosus: tough, fibrous external layer of disc
Nucleus pulposus: gel-like substance
168
How is the proximal tibiofibular joint formed
Head of fibula articulates with inferior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle
169
How is the femeropatellar joint formed
Between patella and distal femur
170
How is the medial tibiofemoral joint and lateral tibiofemoral joint formed
Between medial and lateral condyles of femur and the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
171
What are the 3 articulations of the knee joint
Femeropatellar joint
Medial tibiofemoral joint
Lateral tibiofemoral joint
172
Joints and their actions (6)
Pivot: rotational
Hinge: flexion/extension
Condyloid: circumduction
Saddle: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction
Plane: inversion/eversion, flexion/extension, lateral flexion (vertebral column)
Ball-and-socket: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation
173
Skeletal muscle tissue function and location
Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs
Attached to bones and around entrance points to body (mouth, anus)
174
Cardiac muscle tissue function and location
Involuntary movement - contracts to pump blood
Heart
175
Smooth muscle tissue function and location
Involuntary movement, moves food, control of respirations, blood flow in arteries
Walls of major organs and passageways
176
Origin and insertion for facial expression muscles
Origin: surface of skull
Insertion: dermis of skin
177
Insertion site of latissimus dorsi
Thick connective tissue sheath (aponeurosis)
178
Action of erector spinae
Primary extensor of vertebral column: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of vertebral column
179
3 openings in thoracic diaphragm
Caval foramen: passageway for inf. vena cava
Oesophageal hiatus: passageway for oesophagus and vagus nerves
Aortic hiatus: passageway for descending aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein
180
Origin of subscapularis
Ant. scapula
181
Origin of biceps brachii
Long head attaches to glenoid fossa of scapula
Short head attaches to coracoid process of scapula
182
Attachment sites of the triceps brachii
Long head attaches to the inferior glenoid fossa of the scapula
Medial and lateral heads attach to shaft of humerus
183
Biceps brachii and brachioradialis attaches to the _________ of the humerus
Medial epicondyle
184
Where does the pronator teres insert to and what action does it contribute to
Radius
Pronation of radioulnar joints
185
Where does the flexor carpi ulnaris insert to
Medially on carpus
186
Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis attach to and what action does it contribute to
Forms 4 slips that attach to the phalanges of digits 2-5
Flexes radiocarpal + digits at metacarpal + interphalangeal joints (rapid finger movements)
187
Where does the flexor digitorum profundus attach to
Forms 4 slips that attach to the phalanges digits 2-5
188
What muscles contribute to the rotator cuff
Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
189
Where does the flexor pollicis longus attach to
Phalanges of the pollocis (thumb)
190
Where is the origin of the extensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
191
Flexors of the elbow and radiocarpal joints
Pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum longus
192
Extensors of the elbow and radiocarpal joints
Extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, brachioradialis
193
Muscles of quadriceps femoris (extensors of the knee and flexors of the hip)
Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
194
Hamstring muscles and their attachment sites and insertion (flexors of knee and extensors of the hip)
All attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity of os coxa
Biceps femoris: long head attaches to ^, short head attaches to femur, both insert onto proximal fibula
Semitendinosus: attaches to medial surface of proximal tibia
Semimembranosus: attaches to medial surface of proximal tibia
195
Largest adductors of the hip
Adductor magnus and adductor longus
196
The sartorius extends from the _________ to medial side of the ____________
Anterior superior iliac spine
Proximal tibia
197
Example of muscle in the anterior compartment of the crus and its action
Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexor of talocrural joint and invertor of subtalar joint
198
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the crus (insertion site)
Triceps surae: medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus. Inserts posterior surface of the calcaneus
199
Muscle of lateral compartment of the crus and its action
Fibularis longus: plantar flexion and eversion of the subtalar joint
200
Intrinsic muscle of the foot, located in the medial side of the foot, attaches to the hallux
Abductor hallucis
201
Origin, insertion and action of sternocleidomastoid
Origin: manubrium of sternum + medial end of clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
Action: flexion neck, rotation median atlanto-axial joint
202
Action of trapezius
Extension of neck and back
203
Action of latissmus dorsi
Extension, adduction, medial rotation of glenohumeral joint
204
Action of thoracic diaphragm
Increase size of pleural cavities when inhaling
205
Action of pectoralis major
Flexion, adduction, medial rotation of glenohumeral joint
206
Action of rectus abdominis
Flexion of vertebral column
207
Action of internal and external obliquus abdominis
Flexion (bilateral), rotation + lateral flexion (uni) of vertebral column
208
Action of transverse abdominis
Flexion (bilateral), lateral flexion (uni) of vertebral column
209
Origin and insertion site and action of biceps brachii
Origin: short head coracoid process of scapula. Long head superior of glenoid fossa of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity
action: flexion of elbow joint and supination of proximal radioulnar joint
210
Insertion site and action of deltoid
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Action: flexion, medial and lateral rotation and abduction of glenohumeral joint
211
Insertion site and action of triceps brachii
Insertion: olecranon of ulna
Action: extension of elbow
212
Action of brachialis
Flexion of elbow
213
Origin site and action of pronator teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Action: pronation of radioulnar joint
214
Origin site and action of flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Action: flexion, adduction of radiocarpal joint
215
Origin site and action of flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus
Origin: superficialis only - medial epicondyle of humerus
Action: flexion of radiocarpal, metacarpopalphalangeal and interphalangeal joints of manus
216
Action of flexor pollicis longus
Flexion of metacarpopalphalangeal and interphalangeal joints of Pollux
217
Origin site and action of extensor digitorum
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Action: extension of radiocarpal, metacarpopalphalangeal and interphalangeal joints of manus
218
Origin and action of extensor digiti minimi
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Action: Extension of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of little finger (5th digit)
219
Origin, insertion and action of rectus femoris
Origin: on os coxa
Insertion: tibial tuberosity
Action: hip flexion and knee extension
220
Insertion and action of vastus lateralis/medialis
Insertion: tibial tuberosity
Action: knee extension
221
Origin, insertion and action of biceps femoris
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: on fibula
Action: hip extension and knee flexion
222
Origin, insertion and action of semitendinosus/semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: on tibia
Action: hip extension and knee flexion
223
Action of adductor longus/Magnus
Adduction of hip
224
Origin of sartorius
Anterior superior iliac spine of os coxa
225
Insertion site and action of tibialis anterior
Insertion: medial side of tarsals
Action: dorsiflexion of talocrural joint and inversion of the subtalar joint
226
Insertion site and action of soleus/gastrocnemius
Insertion: calcaneal tuberosity
Action: plantarflexion of talocrural joint
227
Insertion site and action of fibularis longus
Insertion: on lateral side of tarsals
Action: eversion of subtalar joint
228
Action of abductor hallucis
abduction of metatarophalangeal joint of hallux
229
3 main layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, superficial fasica
230
what type of cells is the epidermis made up of
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, keratinocytes, melanincytes
231
what type of cells and structures is the dermis made up of
dense irregular connective tissue, arrector pili muscles, blood vessels, nerves/nerve endings, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous gland, hair follicles
232
what type of cells and structures is the hypodermis made up of
adipose tissue interspersed with collagenous fibres (aerolar connective tissue)
233
layers of the epidermis (from most superficial)
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
234
which epidermis layer consists of mostly keratinocytes and melanocytes and is composed of a single later of cuboidal/columnar cells undergoing mitotic division
stratum basale
235
what is the stratum corneum made up of and what is its purpose
clear, dead, anuclear, scale-like keratinised skin
mechanical protection against abrasion
236
what is the dermis subdivided into
papillary layer (->dermal pipillae) and reticular layer
237
purpose of the dermal papillae
supplies blood to epidermis, thermoregulation
238
what does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of
capillary loops, loose aereolar connective tissue, fibroblasts, adipocytes
239
how to differentiate between thick and thin skin
thick skin has an extra layer - stratum lucidum - and has a thicker stratum spinosum
240
types of functional neurons (3) and relation to CNS and PNS
sensory neuron - carries sensory info from PNS to CNS
somatic motor neuron - carries instructions from brain to skeletal muscles, results in body movement. voluntary
autonomic motor neuron - part of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, carries instructions to involuntary muscles (cardiac/smooth muscle tissue)
240
types of structural neurons (3) and where they can be found
unipolar (skin)
bipolar (eyes, nose)
multipolar (99% of neurons)
241
what is a synaptic cleft
space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where neurotransmitters diffuse across this gap towards the postsynaptic membrane
242
define grey matter and what it is referred to in CNS and PNS
a group of neuronal cells
CNS - nucleus
PNS - ganglion
243
define white matter and what it is referred to in CNS and PNS
bundle of axons
CNS - tract
PNS - nerve
244
subdivisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
245
subdivisions of CNS
brain and spinal cord
246
subdivisions of PNS
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, receptors
autonomic system - conscious perception + voluntary motor response
autonomic nervous system (= parasympathetic + sympathetic nervous system) - involuntary response
247
meninges of the brain (3)
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
248
what feature partially separates the cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure of the dura mater
249
purpose of the arachnoid granulations of the arachnoid mater
small pockets of arachnoid protrude through the dura mater to enter the dural sinuses
250
what structure is responsible for production of cerebrospinal fluid and where is it located
choroid plexus located in the lateral ventricles, interventricular foramina, third and fourth ventricles
251
flow of cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles
produced by choroid plexus, flows from fourth ventricle inferiorly into central canal of spinal chord + posteriorlaterally through apertures that open to subarachnoid space
252
name the 4 cerebral lobes and their functions
frontal: motor functions, language, cognitive functions, personality, STM
parietal: somatosensation, proprioception, kinesthesia
temporal: auditory sensation, memory and smell
occipital: visual
253
what consists of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland surrounding the 3rd ventricle
254
function of the hypothalamus
homeostasis (ANS), endocrine system, memory and emotion
regulates pituitary gland
255
function of pineal gland
produces melatonin for circadian cycle
256
function of the diencephalon
majority of brain, spinal cord, PNS send info to cerebrum through here
257
how is the brainstem formed
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
258
function of the three parts of the brainstem
medulla oblongata and pons controls cardiovascular and respiratory rates
midbrain: coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosensory perceptual spaces
259
function of the cerebellum
compares information from the cerebrum w sensory feedback from periphery through spinal cord
260
where do spinal nerves pass through in the spine
intervertebral foramina
261
what does the cervical enlargement innervate to and through which plexus
upper limb
brachial plexus
262
what does the lumbar enlargement innervate to and through which plexus
lower limb
sacral plexuses
263
do horns in the spinal cord contain grey or white matter, and what are the differences between each horn type (dorsal, ventral, lateral)
grey matter
dorsal: site where sensory neurons are synpasing
ventral: site where cell bodies of motor neurons are located (sends to skeletal muscle)
lateral (only in thoracic and upper limb): site where cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are located
264
differentiate between ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord and give example
ascending: white matter which carries sensory info through spinal cord to reach brain. E.g. spinothalamic tract: carries pain and temp sensations
descending: white matter which carries motor info through spinal cord to target organs. E.g. corticospinal tract: carries info. (axons) in gyrus of frontal lobe to contralateral side of spinal cord to synapse with a second neuron that travels to skeletal muscle
265
what is the cauda equina
collection of nerve roots located in vertebral canal in adult
266
what do nerves consist of
nervous tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels
267
what is the olfactory nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
carrying smell info from nasal epithelium. sensory
268
what is the optic nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
vision. sensory
269
what is the oculomotor nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
eye movements and pupillary reflex. motor
270
what is the trigeminal nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
cutaneous sensations of face and controls muscle of mastication
271
what is the facial nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
muscles of facial expression, sensation of taste and production of saliva, orbicularis oculi. mixed
272
what is the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
hearing and balance. mixed
273
what is the vagus nerve responsible for and is it sensory, motor, or mix
parasympathetic supply to body: homeostatic control of organs of thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. mixed
274
what do the posterior/dorsal root of each spinal cord contain
dorsal root ganglion, axons of sensory neurons
275
what do the dorsal root/spinal ganglion contain
neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurons
276
what do the anterior/ventral root of each spinal nerve
axons of somatic motor and autonomic neurons
277
what's the difference between where the dorsal and ventral ramus of each spinal nerve supply to
dorsal: organs in the back
ventral: organs anterior to vertebral column
278
how many spinal nerves in the following: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
8, 12, 5, 5, 1 respectively
279
where does the cervical plexus innervate to
posterior neck and head, thoracic diaphragm
280
where does the brachial plexus innervate to
upper limb
281
where does the lumbar plexus innervate to
anterior and medial compartments of thigh
282
where does the sacral plexus innervate to
posterior compartment of thigh, and all muscles of leg and foot
283
what plexus is the phrenic nerve related to and where does it innervate to
cervical plexus
thoracic diaphragm
284
what plexus is the median nerve related to
brachial plexus
285
what plexus is the femoral nerve related to
lumbar plexus
286
what plexus is the phrenic nerve related to and where does it innervate to
sacral plexus
287
what is the ANS and its subdivisions
ANS: involuntarily regulates activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
sympathetic (fight or flight): increases cardiac muscle
parasympathetic (rest and digest): decreases cardiac muscle
288
where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic and sympathetic located
para: brainstem
sympth: thoracic and upper lumbar parts of spinal cord
289
What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
anterior: growth hormone, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone
posterior: anti-diuretic hormone
290
What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
growth hormone
291
What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
292
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
thyroid hormones, calcitonin
293
What hormones does the parathyroid glands secrete?
parathyroid hormone
294
what hormones do the adrenal/suprarenal glands secrete?
adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, aldosterone
295
what hormones does the pancreas secrete?
insulin, glucagon
296
what hormones do the ovaries secrete?
oestrogen, progesterone
297
what hormones do the testes secrete?
testosterone
298
endocrine stuctures in the brain
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland
299
key structural differnece between anterior and posterior portions of hypothalamus
anterior: glandular/epithelial tissue
posterior: neural tissue
300
deciduous dentition vs permanent dentition
deciduous: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars
permanent: + 8 premolars + 4 molars
301
intraperitoneal organs
liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine (except duodenum), transverse and sigmoid colon
302
retroperitoneal organs
kidneys, suprarenal glands, pancreas, ascending and descending colon, aorta, IVC, numerous lymph nodes
303
function of pyloric sphincter
muscular ring that controls entry of chyme into small intestine
304
function of main pancreatic duct
drains bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla
305
function of gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
306
function of muscularis mucosae
pulls mucosa of stomach and small intestine into folds, increases surface area for digestive absorption
307
function of muscularis externa
mechanical digestion; moves chyme along canal
308
function of lacteals
absorbs lipid breakdown production and transports to bloodstream
309
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