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MSK - Mid Term 1 > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

Longitudinal Growth Compact Bone

A

occurs @ epihyseal plate,

as chondrocytes lay the new cartilage at the plate, the cells begin to go through 4 stages to further expand the bone lenght wise.

stage 1 chondrocytes lay the new cartilage
- zone of resting cartilage

stage 2 - chondrocytes begin to divide and proliferate
- proliferating zone

stage 3 - hypertrophic zone
- chondrocytes get bigger

stage 4 - calcification
- osteoclasts eat chondrocytes and signal osteoblasts to lay bone (collagen 1 & 5 )

As this occurs the epihpseal plate gets further away from the chondrocytes and bone

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2
Q

endochondral ossification

A

when type 1 and 5 collagen creplace cartilage and push away the growth plate (last stage- calcification)

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3
Q

cartilage is made from what collagen fibres

A

heterofibrils - Collagen Type 2 & 9 to 11

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4
Q

diameter growth of bone

A

osteons contain osteocytes and lamella. outside of osteons we have osteoblasts adn a couple osteoclasts.

for diameter growth. the osteoblasts begin to fold around the perosteum of the bone, circling the blood vessels, creating more concentrics of the osteons

osteocytes get stuck in here and we get a new osteon for diameter growth.

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5
Q

male vs female diameter growth

A

pre puberty - both same growth

puberty - chicks get thicker
- males grow bigger circumference wise

aging - chicks get a little circumference bigger, but the thickness goes down

guys continue to grow circumference big and a bit thicker

circumferecnce never regressses

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6
Q

hormones bone growth

A

PTH, IGF-1 , Estrogen, TEST , Insulin, TH, progesterone

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7
Q

bone growth is…

A

depositing more than you degrade

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8
Q

remodeling does not equal

A

growth

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9
Q

what cells remodel bone

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

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10
Q

tension in bone…..

A

both osteoblasts and osteo cytes can sense tension in bone.

when tension arrives, cytes signal blasts VIA GAP JUNCTIONS and tell them to begin secreting collagen and bone apatite

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11
Q

how does resoprtion of bone work

A

osteoclasts secrete H+ions (acid to break down bone)

osteoclasts secrete MMP to break down bone

osteoclasts eat away the bone and resorb it

REGULATED by - hormones and signals to the cytes and blasts

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12
Q

what do steriods do to tendons

A

fibroblasts are senstiive to steroids.

wehn fibroblasts get steroids they secrete lots of collagen . unfortunately this is unnorganizied collagen annd calcium spots in between fibrils and cannot transmit force very well.

the tendon growns thicker but it doesnt produce the most efficent force.

wehn we take steroids we increase force produciton by the muscle. adn evene though our tendon is getting thicker to withstand more force, the muscles are also getting bigger adn produceing too much force.

this is why there is more risk of rupture.

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13
Q

exercise on tendon

A

exercises increases tension

tension increases fibroblast activity adn number.

more activity adn fibroblasts = more collagen,

tension + collagen = organization

organized fibres equal better at transmitting force.

more collagen = thicler tendon = more force transmission

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14
Q

bone marrow

A

yellow marrow in medullary cavity post puberty

red marrow in epihysis all the time and in cavity pre puberty

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15
Q

osteons made of

A

Extracellular matrix

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16
Q

osteons have blank and blank and trap blank inside

A

nerves and blood vessels
adn trap osteocytes inside inbetwen lamella

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17
Q

chondrocytes

A

initial cartliage layers at growth plate

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18
Q

osteocytes

A
  • inbetween lamella in osteons - signal osteoblasts to lay bone
  • maintain bone via - waste, nutrients, metabolism
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19
Q

osteoblasts

A

outside of osteons - secrete collagen and apatite

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20
Q

osteoclasts

A

HSC Monocytes fused together

  • found in bone compact and spongy
  • secrete H+ and MMP to eat away bone mineral, for resorption

most in endosteum

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21
Q

bone apatite

A

bone mineral - secreted by chondrocytes and osteoblasts within vesicles that layer into type 1 collagen fibrils to give rigidty

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22
Q

mechanical stims simple

A

any mechanical stim to bone or CT causes adaptiations that make them become more resistant and stronger

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23
Q

(3) possibel causes for CT adaptation

A
  • increase fibro activity/ number of fibroblasts
  • increased collagen density
  • type of collagen
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24
Q

how do me measure collagen turnover

A

terminal pro-peptides (snippets off of tropocollagen)

  • taken from ECM
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25
72 hours post exercise
collagen synthesis increases heavy
26
4 weeks (1 months)
msot collagen synthesis
27
11 weeks (3 months)
still lots of synthesis but not as much as 1 month. ( comes back down a bit)
28
acute exercise causes collagen sytheiss
acute exercise causes collagen synthesis to stop during the workout and then turn on afterwards (72hours)
29
why is a biggger tendon good?
bigger tendon is good because - increase the amount of load/ stress via increasing CSA decrease the amount of deformation per load. stress = force/area
30
can we increase performance with a bigger tendon?
yes V02 seems to decrease as the tendon increases due to expenditure of energy becomes more economical.
31
trained mice
- more fibroblasts - bigger tendons - stress fibres of costameres had more contractile phenotype - this means that he myosin and actin were mroe dense - genereating more contractile force intracellularly - more type 1 collagen
32
run training did what
increased torque and force decreased deformation increased tendon stifness
33
Research Article (RA) - how many people
15
34
RA explain control and experimental
control group adn experimental group were both volunteers with tendonosis 2-6cm above achilles insertion. control group - did surgery adn regualar
35
protiens
amino acid + amino acid + amino acid.... bonds between AA are covalenet
36
how are proteins folded
folds occur between R groups on the amino acids that are attracted to eachother based on how electronegative a molecule is. they attract and fold
37
DNA down the line
DNA - mRNA - ribosomes - proteins - dna makes instructions mRNA copies instructions Ribosomes read instructions and make proteins to then be added to the AA chain
38
functions of proteins
structure motors - produce force enzymes hormones/recpetors/signals
39
pH and Temp
proteins work at optimal ranges - pH and Temp denature proteins
40
post transcriptional modification
after proteins are in their chain and DNA has formed a protein with an original function, a modification occurs to the protein changing its finction ( phosphorylation) - turning it on or off
41
sk. muscle layers
epimysium - protector and force transducer perimysium - fascicle man endomysium -between myofibres BM - (reticular lamina) (basal lamina) plasmolemma (sarcolemma + BM) myofibre myofibril sarcomere myofilament
42
what makes up CT
collagen 1-6 and elastin
43
how are endomysium and BM bound together
dense collagen fibres of endomysium and loose collagen fibres of BM (reticular lamina), velcro together.
44
BM proteins
collagen acetylecholine esterase - cancels contraction laminan and fibrrenectin- connect fibre to BM
45
BM membrane is lined with what types of proteins
Glycoproteins
46
Basement membrane functions
connect endo to fibre cancel contractions attract motor neurons - muscle repair
47
Plasmalemma Proteins
Integrins / Dystroglycan Complex - transmit force and anchor between fibre and contractile proteins Kinases - for integrin and target protein phosphorylation Signals Channels Receptors
48
stress equation
stress=force/area - more area = less stresss - less force = less stress
49
highest point of tension
highest point of tension on a muscle is where the area is the lowest - therfore the myotendinous junction (tendon) - high force created in middle of tendon, passed down to little area of MTJ
50
tendon composition
60% water 39% protein (80% of that is collagen) 1% groundsubstance - glycans
51
tendon layers like muscle layers are..
collagen fibril collagen fibre 1st collagen bundle endotenon - perimysium and BM (tougnness) 2nd collagen bundle endotenon - BV and Nerves 3rd collagen bundle endotenon epitenon paratenon - synovial
52
where are fibroblasts in tendons
- fibroblasts in tendons can be found in between the primary collagen bundles
53
where are fibroblasts found in muscle
fibroblasts in muscle can be found in between myofibres
54
which tenon (epi, endo, para) transmits force and what do the others do
endotenon doesnt transmit force - it just divides collagen bundles epitenon transmit force as it is the most superficial portion of tendon paratenon - decrease friction agianst other tissues
55
what is a fibroblast
- a mesenchymal cell - large fairly - 1 nucleus - stress fibres are connected to the connective tissue that surrounds them by FAKs - Focal Adhesion Kinases - contains a cytoskelton - called stress fibres ) makes its own tension - responds to tension to secrete collagen
56
where do we find stress fibres -
cytoskelton of fibroblasts
57
tension organizes what
tennsion organizes tropocollagen to fibrils tension organizes fibrisl to fibres
58
how many myofibres
up to 1000
59
do myofibres have nuclei
yes and satellite cells
60
myonuclei vs satellite cells
satellite cells used for tissue repair satellite cells are found under the basement membrane but above the plasma lemma - and they have their own membrane myonuclei under both
61
mitchondria are where in muscle
mitochonrdria squish beteween myofibrils
62
two types of mitochondria
mitochondria have two differeetn pools subsarcolemma poools - intramyofibrular- (IMF) - IMF are the highly aerobic pools IMF and Subsarcolemma Pools of Mitochondria
63
mitochondria pools
IMF and subsarcolemma decrease with age mitochondria are highly branched
64
branching fibres? fibrils?
myofibres arent branched, fibrils are in the heart myocardial fibres are branched
65
myofibril (contractile)
sarcomere - myosin actin all that jazz
66
myosin
2 heavy chains 4 light chains
67
actin
actin with tropomyosin and troponin
68
how many thin surround thick filaments
6 thin around 1 thick
69
what is titin?
titin is a structural/accesory protein that spans the entire lenght of a sarcomere - from z-line to m-line largest protein in our body gives resting tension to our muscles allows myosin and actin to contact eachother can scaffold for other protiens, like dystopphin or inte coiled up at z disk when lengthened muscle (relaxed) titin uncoils and reveals tension sensors and signalling proteins. thesse proteins phosphorylate down to another target protein, chanign gits turning it on configuration therfore important for muscle hypertrophy and growth
70
titin uncoiled
titin uncoilded shows its kinase domains as wwell as signalling proteins, thesse proteins phjsophorylate and signal target proteins that can lead to adaptation
71
z disk proteins
nebulin, desmin and plectin
72
nebulin
lets actin build off it
73
intergrins
interns connect the basement mebrane to the fibre they transmit force alongside dystroglycan complexes - pulling on the contractile fibres of actin via accesory proteins (FAK)
74
costamere
- at the z disk of sarcomeres - act as the anchors and traducers of tension (integrins adn dystroglycan complexs)
75
myotendinous junctin (MTJ)
sarcolemma invaginates the tendon at its ECM high density of costameres, and integrins because lots of tension here
76
FAK
focal adhesion kinases - act as the costameres in fibroblasts and in sarcomeres, are connected to integrins which phosphorylate subsequent protiens to their target protein in order to change configuration, important for hypertophy of muscl and growht
77
Muscular Dystophy types
Duchene and Beckers - duchene more common - worse beckers less common and not as bad
78
muscular dytrophy what is
something wrong with your dystophin protien whihc connects plasmalemma and contractile proteins - allows us to tranduice force
79
muscular distrophy rates
1/20000 have a hereditary myopathy 1/3500 boys have dystrophy = common
80
muscular distrophy cycle breakdown regeneration cycle
fibres chronically breakdown imfllamatory cells go to the site adn secrete collagen satellite cells help to repair - but this happens so much those deplete adn then we lose the regeneeration part
81
chromosome linked muscular dystophy
x recessive xx okay xy no good
82
collagen type 1
all mysiums /tendon
83
collagen type 2
cartliage
84
collagen type 3and 5
mysiums and MTJ
85
collagen type 4
BM non fibrillar
86
collagen type 6
BM to endo
87
collagen fibres are non fibrillar are?
collagen 4 and 6 in BM
88
flexibility depends on...
addition of sarcomeres ECM pliability sensory neuromuscular feeback (ROM)
89
more force = less flixibilty therfore
more flexibility = less force
90
more fibres, density, type, crimp, glycation, organization, determine
flexibility and stifness
91
free cells
blood cells
92
fixed cells
everything else
93
whats its pair irregular and loose
dense and regular
94
endomysium tissue is what type
dense irregular
95
epi and parimysium CT is waht type
dense regular
96
25% of protein mass in our bodies is what protein
collagen
97
acute bone remodeling
lack of Ca+ in blood, osteoclasts send Ca+ to blood - osteoclasts activsated by PTH
98
what activates osteoclasts to send calcium to blood
Para Thyroid Hormone
99
osteoclasts purpose adn make up
made up of HSC - monocytes that fuse together with osteoblasts these resorp bone mineral
100
osteoclasts secrete
H+ioons and MMP to breakdown bone for resorption
101
resorption is based on
activity of osteoclasts and number of osteoclasts.
102
what nhibits resorption
estrogen and testosterone
103
4 roles of estrogen
tells mature osteoclasts to kill themselves slows release of PTH from PT stims IGF production in osteoblasts stims epiphyseal plate closure in late puberty by inhibitj g IGF
104
exercise and bone
more exercise = more tension = more osteoblasts/cytes = more collagen/apatite = more BMD
105
OsteoTEndinous Junction
the oppostie to the MTJ high degree of osteoblast/cyte acitivty here more dense none at these insertion points as this is where most force gets exerted too,
106
4 zones of OTJ
tendon - fibroblasts T1C fibrocartilage - chondrocytes T2C some T1 mineralized fibro cartilage - more chondrocytes w/ apatite mainly TYPE 2C bone - sharpeys fibres connect thriug perisosteum into mineralized fibrocartilage as anchors
107
osteoporosis -
low BMD (more than 2.5vStandard Deviations from average)
108

MSK - Mid Term 1 (1 decks)

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