Everything

Question 1

types of tocolitics agents and route of administration

Answer 1

salbutamol - IV
nifedipine - ORAL

Question 2

what is HBB

Answer 2

helping the infant Breath

it is a EBM training program to teach neonatal resuscitation in low resource settings.

it teaches the first steps of basic neonatal resuscitation to be accomplished within the golden minute,

Question 3

birth asphyxia

Answer 3

failure to initiate and sustain breathing after birth.

Question 4

Apgar score

Answer 4

objective method of assessing an infant’s clinical condition after delivery.

it is done at 1 minute and repeated at 5 minutes if abnormal and at 10 minutes if still abnormal at 5 minutes.

Question 5

what is the cause of neonatal cardiac arrest

Answer 5

hypoxia

Question 6

which infants should be put in a plastic without drying at delivery

Answer 6

those with a birth weight less than 1200 and or less than 30 weeks of gestation

Question 7

what pattern does resus of a newborn follow

Answer 7

ABCD

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Drugs

Question 8

when is the airway suctioned

Answer 8

when the baby is born with meconium aspiration and needs resuscitation.

Question 9

breathing resuscitation

Answer 9

1. drying
2. PEEP of 5cm for 30 seconds and after feel the umbilical cord for a pulse.
   3.

Question 10

Normal temperature in newborns

Answer 10

abdominal wall (36 to 36,5)
axilla (36,5 to 37)

hypothermia - below 35

Question 11

when do you get an enlarged clitoris in newborn females

Answer 11

in adrenal hyperplasia

Question 12

what does a poor urine stream suggest

Answer 12

posterior urethral valve

Question 13

what does a Barlow exam test

Answer 13

demonstrates unstable or dislocatable hip

Question 14

what does the ortolani exam test

Answer 14

if the hips dislocate or not

Question 15

two things done in the event of dislocatable hip

Answer 15

1. The Pavlik Harness
2. surgery is the pelvic harness fails

Question 16

how much must a placenta weigh in a healthy new born

Answer 16

about 1/6 of the infants weight.
this is because it a fetal organ

Question 17

what are the causes of a heavy placenta

Answer 17

diabetes
rhesus disease
syphilis

Question 18

what is amnion nodusum

Answer 18

it is the granulity of the amnion. this is caused by oligohydramnios.

Question 19

what does a decreete, hard and pale infants on matronal side of placenta indicate

Answer 19

poor uteroplacental blood flow

Question 20

what can be seen in a placenta of abruption

Answer 20

Retroplacenta clots

Question 21

when can chorionicity be diagnosed and how

Answer 21

from 12 weeks of gestation by ultrasound

Question 22

what are the risks of multiple pregnancy

Answer 22

• miscarriage
• pre -eclampsia
• iron deficiency anaemia
• diabetes
• risk of prematurity
• congenital anomaly
• growth restriction
• ## polyhydromnios ( this can cause heart failure due to fluid overload)

Question 23

what are the classes of birth weight

Answer 23

macrosomia
normal
low birth weight <2500 to 1500
very low birth weight <1500 to 1000
extremely low birth weight <1000

Question 24

what are the factors that affect birth weight

Answer 24

genetics
gestational age
fetal nutrition and placental function
environmental factors (such as alcohol and chronic infections)

Question 25

what does the term IUGR mean

Answer 25

it describes a foetus that grows slower than normal often from early pregnancy.

Question 26

What are the complications of being underweight for gestational age

Answer 26

- HIE - Meconium Aspiration - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of a newborn - hypothermia - hypoglycaemia - NEC - polychythaemia and jaundice - cerebral palsy, iVH, adverse neurological outcome.

Question 27

what is the Barker's hypothesis

Answer 27

In 1990 a British epidemiologist David Barker reported an association between low birth weight, fetal nutrition and late onset coronary heart disease. This became known as the Barker's hypothesis, or Fetal Origins Hypothesis, which postulates that being growth restricted as an infant has life long effects. Growth restricted fetuses have an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and ischaemic heart disease when they reach adulthood.

Question 28

what are the Aetiology of underweight for gestational age

Answer 28

1. Maternal * Teenager/Advanced Maternal Age. * Short birth interval. Maternal undernutrition. * Maternal diseases including hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and renal disease, malaria, TB and advanced HIV. 2. Uterovascular inadequacy * Abruption. * Pre-eclampsia. * Multiple Pregnancy. 3. Environmental * Cigarettes. * Alcohol. * Illicit drugs. * Licit drugs. 4. Fetal * Chromosomal abnormalities. * Genetic diseases. * Intrauterine infections (TORCH). * Inborn errors of Metabolism (IEM). * Twin to twin transfusion.

Question 29

ultrasound accuracy

Answer 29

1. before 14 weeks = within 5 to 7 days 2. 14 to 22 weeks = has a 7 to 10 days discrepancy

Question 30

what is the regression of the anterior vascular capsule on the eye for and when it is reliable

Answer 30

it is to hep determine postnatal gestational age and reliable between 27 and 34 weeks gestation.

Question 31

what are some of the things that can be used to determine postnatal gestational age and what is the name of the scoring system that can be used to determine gestational age

Answer 31

- nipple space - neurological maturity - skin texture BAALLARD SCORE

Question 32

What quantifies as normal weight loss

Answer 32

loss of 5 to 10% weight and weight is usually regained at about day 5 to 7

Question 33

how do we feed preterm infants with a poor suck

Answer 33

by tube/cup feeding them expressed breastmilk. when they continue to develop then the amount of expressed milk in the cup/tube can be decreased while establishing breastfeeding. it is important to ensure adequate breastfeeding and weight gain from breastmilk alone before discharging these infants home.

Question 34

what are the ways one can express breastmilk

Answer 34

hand expression pump - when using pump it is important to ensure that the is good hygiene and the pump should bot be shared with anyone else.

Question 35

what method is done to ensure safe breast milk in HIV positive mothers

Answer 35

heat treating with flash pasteurization method.

Question 36

what is the key difference between engorgement and mastitis

Answer 36

in breast engorgement the mother feels well while in mastitis they become ill or pyrexial and mastitis requires antibiotic therapy. you don't need to stop breastfeeding in mastitis.

Question 37

what are contraindications to breastfeeding

Answer 37

- Antineoplastic agents and radioactive drugs - iodine preparations - tetracyclines - galactosaemia - phenylketonuria - maple syrup urine disease