everything Flashcards
(37 cards)
How do you distinguish between an anion and a cation?
Anions are negative whereas cations are positive.
What is the valency of an ion?
The valency of an ion is the charge. Eg 2+ etc.
2+ ion can also be refered to as a divalent cation.
How are salts named?
The first part of the name is the cation and the second is the anion.
What are salts made of?
Two ions forming a substance with no charge.
What is the oxidation state?
The charge on the cation. highest oxidation state = “-ic”, lowest is “-ous”, most of the time
How is the oxidation state specified?
Using roman numerals, eg; Iron (II) sulfate.
What does an acid being polyprotic mean?
they have more than one proton to lose
and this gives a range of anions, varying with pH
What is it called if an acid loses a hydrogen ion?
It has been ionised or deprotonated. Acids ionise to give anions.
How can organic acids be neutralised?
All organic acids can be neuralised with a base.
What is the pKa?
The pH value at which 50% of the solution is the acid and 50% is the anion.
What is pH?
pH is the measure of H3O+ in a solution.
Arrhenius definition of acids and bases.
“acids produce H3O+
ions, bases produce OHions”
WHat do pH buffers do?
They keep the pH of a solution around their pKa
What are aromatic molecules?
any molecules that contain a particular type of
resonance structure of alternating double and single bonds in rings.
what are aliphatic molecules?
And molecules that are not aromantic.
What is the valency of carbon?
4
What are the three groups of hydrocarbons?
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes.
What is the strcuture of an alkane?
A chain of single bonded C atoms, with all remaining spaces filled by hydrogens.
What is the structure of an alkene?
A chain of single bonded C atoms with one double bond.
What is the structure of an Alkyne?
A chian of single bonded C atoms with one triple bond between two C atoms.
Methyl, Ethyl, …..?
Propyl, Butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl.
Methyl and Ethyl alternate name
methyl - formyl
Ethyl - acetyl
What is a functional group?
things we can ‘plug into’ a basic skeleton like an alkane to give functionality.
for example, a carboxyl group.
Why are hydroxyl groups found?
in all sugars and alcohols, and there can be more than one present.
