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Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary movement joints in the body

A

Synovial joints

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2
Q

Muscle to bone attachment

A

Tendon

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3
Q

Bone to bone attachment

A

Ligament (ACL)

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4
Q

Muscle organization

A

->Muscle. Fasicle. Muscle fiber. Myofibril. Sarcomere. Actin/myosin

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5
Q

Fascia layers

A

Epimysium-outer most surrounds entire muscle
Peromysium- surrounds bundle of fibers
Endomysium- surrounds 1 muscle fiber

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6
Q

Bundle of fibers is called

A

Fasicle (amount of fibers in bundle differs, more in quads, less in eyes, all or none, more control in eyes) grouped by fiber type

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7
Q

Muscle cell made of _ and contains_

A

Myofibrils, sarcomeres (sarcomere is smallest contractile unit of muscle)

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8
Q

Z disk

A

The walls

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9
Q

A band

A

Length of myosin that never changes length

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10
Q

I band

A

Actin but no myosin

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11
Q

H zone

A

Myosin but no actin

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12
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Within one sarcomere, myosin is like rowboat floating in between actin. Myosin reaches out the oars to interact with actin, pulls with power stroke to shorten muscle, power stroke from ATP hydrolysis

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13
Q

Rate coding

A

Rate of sending action potentials that can grade level of force

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14
Q

Activating a muscle fiber

A

1-Create action potential
2-Action potential propagates down the nerve to neuromuscular junction
3-ACH crosses junction exciting sarcolemma
4-signal goes down t-tubules to release CA+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
5-troponin binds to tropomyosin and pull tropomyosin out of the way
6-tropomysin moves to open up the binding site
7-myosin binds to actin forming a cross bridge

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15
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Sense muscle stretch and causes a contraction

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16
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Senses when a muscle in contracted hard and a tendon is stretched, tells muscle to relax (inhibits)

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17
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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18
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60 BPM

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19
Q

Tachycardia

A

More than 100 BPM

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20
Q

P wave

A

Atria depolarize

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21
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricle depolarize and atria repolarize

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22
Q

T wave

A

Ventricle repolarize

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23
Q

Level of gas exchange blood and lungs (2 answers)

A

Capillary and alveoli

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24
Q

Joints that allow virtually no movement

A

Fibrous joints (sutures of the skull)

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25
Joints that allow limited movement
Cartilaginous joints (intervertebral disks)
26
Joints that allow considerable movement
Synovial joints (elbow and knee)
27
1st class lever
Tricep, muscle force and resistive force on opposite sides of fulcrum
28
2nd class lever
Calf raise, muscle for and resistive force on same side of fulcrum with muscle force having longer lever than resistive granting mechanical advantage
29
3rd class lever
Bicep, chest press, lateral raise, leg extension, most exercises. Muscle force and restive force on the same side of fulcrum with longer lever of resistive force, mechanical disadvantage
30
Axis of rotation sagittal plane
Medial to lateral
31
Axis of rotation frontal plane
Anterior to posterior
32
Axis of rotation transverse plane
Superior to inferior
33
Open chain
Terminal segments move freely
34
Closed chain
Distal aspect of extremity is fixed
35
Force
=mass x acceleration Newtons (1kg*m/s^2)
36
Work
=force x displacement Joule = newtons x meters
37
Power
=work ÷ time Watts
38
More pennation angle =
More force but less velocity
39
Classical formula (to compare loads lifted between athletes of different sizes)
Load lifted ÷ (body weight^2/3)
40
Cunningham equation
RMR= 500+(22*FFM(kg))
41
Activity factor: little or no exercise per week
1.2
42
Activity factor: light exercise/sports 1-3 days per week
1.375
43
Activity factor: moderate exercise/sports 3-5 days per week
1.55
44
Activity factor: hard exercise/sports 6-7 days per week
1.725
45
Activity factor: very hard exercise/sports and physical job or training 2x per day
1.9
46
Karvonen method
=(heart rate reserve*%intensity) + resting heart rate
47
Heart rate reserve
= max heart rate -resting heart rate
48
Fatty acid metabolism
Triglyceride (lipolysis) glycerol backbone and fatty acid chains (beta oxidation) acetyl coa -which can enter the Krebs cycle
49
Glycolysis
Glucose breaks down to lactate (anaerobic) or pyruvate (aerobic and would then enter Krebs cycle)
50
PCR cylce
Less than 10 seconds 90-100% of max power Lots of rest (1:12-1:20)
51
Anaerobic glycolysis (fast)
30 seconds - 2 minutes Lactate Occurs in cytoplasm without need for oxygen
52
Aerobic glycolysis
2 minutes - several hours Pyruvate into Krebs cycle (Krebs cycle happens in mitochondria and requires oxygen)
53
Fat oxidation
Very long duration (ultra marathon)
54
Cori cycle
Lactate produced in muscle turns into glucose in the liver via gluconeogenesis
55
Lactate threshold
Switch to anaerobic production Around 50-60% of max oxygen uptake in untrained individuals and 70-80% in trained individuals Catecholamines are released to increase blood glucose Training near or at threshold allows you to work at higher intensity with less fatigue Bruce protocol is progressive exercise test
56
ATP formation
Aerobic glycolysis - 2 net ATP Krebs cycle - 2 ATP Oxidation phosphorylation - 34 atp
57
Cellular respiration
Glucose- pyruvate - acetyl coa - citric acid cycle - oxidative phosphorylation
58
EPOC
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption Up to 15% extra calorie burn
59
General adaption syndrome
How the adrenal gland responds to noxious stimuli
60
Testosterone
ANABOLIC ANTI CATABOLIC promotes protein synthesis Inhibits protein breakdown Promotes growth and development of male sex characteristics Intra workout to 1 hour post workout Greatest neuroendocrine function
61
Growth hormone
Stimulates IGF-1 Promotes protein synthesis/growth Increases collagen synthesis End of workout to 2 hours post Also has neuroendocrine function but less than testosterone
62
IGF-1
Increase protein synthesis 8 hours post workout to 24 hours post workout
63
Insulin
Moves glucose out of the bloodstream Increases glycogen stores Involved in protein synthesis
64
Epinephrine
Increases cardiac output, blood sugar, glycogen breakdown, fat metabolism
65
Norepinephrine
Properties of epinephrine and constricts blood vessels
66
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
CATABOLIC ANTI ANABOLIC Promotes protein breakdown Conserves blood glucose (via gluconeogenesis) Suppress immune cell function Promotes fat oxidation
67
First thing to improve with resistance training
Nervous system ~8 weeks, hypertrophy ~10 weeks Increased activation of motor units Faster rate of firing by nerves Better timing/synchronicity of force GTO suppressed
68
Estimated max HR equation
220-age (max HR never changes)
69
Mean arterial pressure =
((SBP-DBP)/3)+DBP
70
RPP=
HR x SBP

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