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Biology Year 9 (End Of Years) > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

Waxy cuticle layer

A

The leaf has a clear waxy layer called the waxy cuticle. This protects the leaf and allows sunlight through. This layer is also waterproof. The waxy cuticle layer is the top layer of the leaf and allows

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2
Q

Upper epidermis

A

The upper epidermis is the level below the waxy cuticle layer. It is the layer that protects the leaf. It is thin and transparent.

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3
Q

Palisade layer

A

The palisade layer is vertical to the upper epidermis. This allows there to be more cells, leading to many chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which is the sight of photosynthesis.

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts. An enzyme is a large protein molecule made up of (a string of) amino acids. This string is then folded to create a specific shape.

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6
Q

Why are enzymes called BIOLOGICAL catalysts.

A

Biological because they are made in living cells.

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7
Q

Why are enzymes called biological CATALYSTS

A

Catalysts because they speed up the rate of chemical reactions without taking part in it.

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8
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is the part that joins together with an enzyme. These molecules are substrate (the only substrate that fits) joins together with the enzyme in the space that is open between them. This space is called an active site.

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9
Q

What are enzymes fitted to?

A

Enzymes are fitted to one particular substrate (molecules that get broken down or joined together in the reaction) as the enzyme is a reactant to the substrate. The product is made from the substrate and is released. The enzymes job is to join together or split apart the substrate in the reaction.

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10
Q

Can there be more than two substrate parts?

A

Yes and the substrate can be broken into more than two parts. A broken substrate will not be broken up even more in a reaction.

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11
Q

What is the role of the active site?

A

The role of the active site is to have a specific shape and bind to the right fitting shape substrate for the reaction to take place.

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12
Q

What is the method called when the enzyme reacts with the right fitting substrate?

A

Lock and key method.

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13
Q

Why will the time for the reaction to take place decrease as the temperature is increased.

A

As the temperature is being increased the enzyme and substrate will gain more kinetic energy. This increases their speed, increasing their chances of collision with the right substrate and enzyme.

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14
Q

Why after a certain temperature does the reaction start to slow down?

A

After a certain temperature is reached the enzyme will vibrate more, breaking the bonds between the amino acids. This will change the shape of the active site meaning that the enzyme is no longer complimentary to the substrate and the enzyme will have denatured. However, if the enzyme is not full denatured the reaction can still take place.

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15
Q

What is the active site?

A

A space where a substrate molecule can fit.

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16
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Any type of molecule which an enzyme acts on.

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17
Q

How does a substrate fit into an enzymes active site?

A

They must have a specific shape which is complimentary. Only a specific substrate will fit in an enzymes active site just like only one key will fit in a door.

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18
Q

What is formed when an enzyme and substrate join.

A

An enzyme-substrate complex. Only the can a reaction take place.

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19
Q

What can enzymes speed up (catalyse)?

A

Two types of reactions. The break down of one substrate molecule to make two product molecules. Or the synthesis of two substrate molecules to form one product molecule.

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20
Q

If an enzymes denatured is it complimentary to the substrate?

A

No and no reaction will occur.

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21
Q

Substrate concentration

A

The amount of substrate molecules in a give volume.

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22
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Starch into sugar molecules which diffuse into the blood.

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23
Q

What will happen to is the amylase has worked?

A

If the amylase has worked there will be no starch present and the iodine will stay orange brown.

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24
Q

What will happen if the amylase has not worked?

A

If the amylase has not worked there will starch will cause the iodine to turn black

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25
Test for starch.
Amylase+ starch = AS test every 30 seconds by placing it into a dimple tile and adding a few drops of iodine. If it stays orange brown all the starch has been broken down.
26
Explaining a graph steps:
1. Section out graph into the main changes 2. If question asks to describe graph say what you see (trend) 3l if question says explain the graph then use biology to say why
27
What are high energy demand cells?
Muscle cells Nerve cells (specifically brain) Cells that are constantly dividing Liver cells
28
What are low energy demand cells?
Red blood cells Outer layer of the skin Bone cells Fat cells
29
What is the energy from respiration used for?
Building cells Synthesis of proteins Muscle contractions Maintain body temperature (In plants build up sugar, nitrates and other nutrients)
30
Enzymes in a mitochondria
A mitochondria has folds leading to having more enzymes. Having more enzymes leads to faster rate of aerobic respiration.
31
What to the folds in the mitochondria cell increase (apart from the number of enzymes)?
These folds increase the mitochondrion’s surface area.
32
What does the matrix contain?
The matrix contains oxygen glucose water carbon dioxide and enzymes.
33
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose+oxygen ->carbon dioxide+ water +(ATP)
34
Reactants of aerobic respiration?
Glucose+ oxygen
35
Products of aerobic respiration.
Carbon dioxide +water
36
What is respiration?
Respiration is an exothermic reaction that releases energy needed for life processes to take place.
37
Formula for the equation for aerobic respiration
C6H1206+ 6O2-> 6CO2 +6H2O
38
What is ATP?
ATP is an energy storage molecule. It is made of aclenosine joined to 3 phosphate groups.
39
Anaerobic respiration in animals equation
Glucose-> lactic acid + (energy)
40
Why does anaerobic respiration occur?
Sometimes the body cannot get enough oxygen to the muscles when exercising, this occurs when oxygen demand is higher than the supply.
41
What is oxygen debt?
Lactic acid accumulates in muscle cells and causes muscle cramps. We need more oxygen to remove the lactic acid.
42
Anaerobic respiration in yeast (fungi) equation
Glucose -> carbon dioxide +ethanol
43
What is anaerobic respiration in yeast (fungi) also called?
Fermentation
44
What makes the bread rise?
The carbon dioxide made when yeast respires aerobically.
45
Is the efficiency of energy transfer in aerobic respiration high or low?
High
46
Products of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
Lactic acid
47
Is the efficiency of energy transfer in anaerobic respiration in animal cells high or low?
Low
48
Products of anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
49
Is the efficiency of energy transfer in anaerobic respiration in plan5 or yeast cells high or low?
Low
50
What chemical is used to test for protein in food
Biuret reagent
51
What chemical is used to test for glucose in food?
Benedict’s reagent
52
What chemical is used to test for lipids in food?
Ethanol
53
What colour should be seen in a positive test for protein?
Purple
54
What word should we not use when describing the volume of liquids
Amount
55
Give a difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
Products
56
What are the salivary glands?
Glands in the cheeks and under the tongue which produce saliva to moisten food as it is chewed. Salivary glands also secrete enzymes which break down starches in the mouth.
57
What is the oesophagus?
It is a muscular tube which creates peristaltic waves to carry swallowed food from the throat to the stomach
58
What is the stomach?
It is a muscular organ which churns food and secretes enzymes and acids for food digestion.
59
What is the small intestine?
It is a hollow tube where chemical digestion continues, and nutrients are absorbed in the bloodstream.
60
What is the pancreas?
It secretes insulin which breaks down sugar
61
What is the liver?
It is an organ which processes digested food into useful substances for the body, it secretes bile for fat digestion and removes toxins from the blood.
62
What is the gallbladder?
It is a storage sac for bile located on the lower surface of the liver. Bile empties into the duodenum through the bile duct.
63
What is the colon (large intestine)?
It absorbs water from food that has not been digested.
64
What is the appendix?
It is a small extension of the colon thought to be involved in immune function.
65
Path of the digestion system
Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon Rectum
66
Difference between functions of the small and large intestine.
The small intestine absorbs nutrients but the large intestine absorbs water.
67
What is the rectum?
It is the large intestine which eliminates stores and eliminates waste material from the body.
68
What is mechanical digestion?
It is the physical process of preparing the food for chemical digestion.
69
What is chemical digestion?
It uses certain enzymes to break down nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smaller molecules.
70
Small intestine adaptions.
A good blood supple to carry nutrients to the rest of the body A thin membrane to allow nutrients to diffuse easily A lining covered with microvilli (tiny bumps) to speed up absorption of nutrients
71
Definition of adaption
When you gain/ change something which allows you to carry out a function
72
What does a lining covered with microvilli do?
Speeds up absorption of nutrients Increases the surface area to allow fasts diffusion of products of digestion
73
Two organs which produce enzymes in the human body?
The liver and the stomach
74
Which enzyme digests starch into glucose?
Carbohydrayse or amylase
75
When protein molecules are digested what is produced?
Amino acids
76
What is the waxy cuticles function?
To prevent water loss from the leaf.
77
What are found within the veins of a leaf?
Xylem and phloem
78
What are veins?
Veins are actually extensions that run from tips of the roots all the way up to the edge of the leafs.
79
What does the xylem transport?
Water
80
What does the phloem transport?
Sugar
81
What parts of the cell are called the mesophyll?
Palisade layer and the spongy layer
82
What does the mesophyll contain?
Chloroplasts, and this is where photosynthesis usually occurs.
83
What are the guard cells?
The guard cells are specialised cells that surround the stomata. Changes within water pressure cause the stomata to open or close. If the guard cells are full of water the swell up and bend away from each other which opens the stomata. During dry times the guard cells close.
84
What do leaves have a large of?
They have a large surface area which allows for the absorption of light.
85
What are leaves which speeds up the exchange of gas?
They are thin.
86
What do gasses enter through?
The stomata
87
Why can gases diffuse easily?
Because there are air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer.
88
What allows gasses and water to pass through freely in and out of the cell?
The cell membranes
89
What do some leaf cells contain?
Chlorophyll which absorbs light energy.
90
Where are chlorophyll and enzymes found?
Chloroplasts
91
Why is the cuticle layer transparent?
So that light can pass easily through to the chloroplasts.
92
What is found in plants?
Sucrose- stored in fruit Glucose- used in respiration Starch- food store Cellulose -to form cell walls Proteins- for growth and repair Nitrogen Fats and oils- food store and growth
93
What are the three limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature Light intensity
94
Before testing for starch on a leaf why do we use boiling water and ethanol?
Boiling water breaks down the cell walls in the leaf and stops cell processes. And we heat the ethanol in a water bath as it is very flammable. The ethanol is used to remove the chlorophyll. Then the leaf is washed, to remove the ethanol and soften the leaf.
95
Method to see how light intensity affects photosynthesis.
1. Set up a boiling tube with 45cm3 of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (1%). Allow the tube to stand for a minute and shake to disperse and air bubbles that might form. 2. Cut a piece of pondweed. The pondweed should be 8cm long. Use forceps to place the pondweed in the boiling tube carefully. The pondweed should be cut end uppermost. Make sure that you do not damage the pondweed and do not allow the liquid to overflow. 3. Position the boiling tube so that the pondweed is 10cm away from the light source. Allow the boiling tube to stand for 5 mins. Count the number of bubbles emerging from the cut end of the stems in one minute. Repeat the count 5 times and record your results 4. Calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute leaving out any anomaly’s. Repeat the experiment at different distances away from the light source.
96
Where does a plant get its light source from?
Sun
97
Where does a plant Greg its water source from
Soil
98
Where does a plant get its CO2 source from?
Air
99
What do plants produce as a result of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
100
Where does photosynthesis take place?
101
What is the name of the green pigment in the chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
102
What is chlorophyll used for?
It absorbs sunlight
103
What is the function of root hair cells?
Absorb nutrients from the soil.
104
What is a mineral that plants need to grow?
Nitrate
105
What does a plant make using nitrate?
Protein
106
What are root hair cells good at performing their function?
Large surface area
107
What parts of the cell does the root hair cells good contain?
The root hair cells good is shaped like a sideways t and contains a vacume, a cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a cell wall, a nucleus and a mitochondria.
108
How do the mineral ions enter the root hair cells?
By active transport. This is from a low concentration to a high concentration, so it requires energy.
109
what is osmosis?
Osmosis is a type of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution (high concentration of water) to a mor concentrated solution (low concentration of water) across a partially permeable membrane.
110
How does water enter the root hair cells?
By osmosis. Water is then transported around the plant for photosynthesis.
111
What are the adaptions for the root hair cells?
They have hair which give them a larger surface area for osmosis Lots of mitochondria to produce energy for active transport.
112
What is the bundle which is a collection of tubes that go around the plant?
The vascular bundle
113
What do partially permeable membranes prevent?
The movement of larger molecules, but allow the movement of smaller water molecules.
114
What happens in a strong sugar solution? (Animal cells)
The cell loses water becoming cremated (shrivelled)
115
What happens in distilled water? (Animal cells)
The cell gains water eventually bursting as it lacks the cell wall to maintain structure.
116
What happens in a strong sugar solution? (Plant cell)
The cell loses water and the vacuole shrinks and the cell membrane pulls away from the wall making the cell flaccid or plasmolyse.
117
What happens to a cell in distilled water?
The cell gains water, the vacuole expands and the membrane pushes against the cell making the cell turgid.
118
Rate of transpiration=
Distance moved by air bubble/time taken
119
Transpiration process
1. Water is lost from the leafs by transpiration due to evaporation liquid -gas 2. Evaporation from the monohull call into air spaces 3. Water diffuses out of the stomata 4. Water enters the leaf from the xylem by osmosis 5. Water is drawn up in a continuous column due to forces of cohesion in water molecules (not osmosis) Water enters the xylem from the roots by osmosis.

Biology Year 9 (End Of Years) (1 decks)

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