Everything because I cant be bothered making organised decks like a civilised person Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The regulation of a cell or organism to maintain stable optimum conditions in response to internal and external changes
2
Q
What two type of responses does our body have to maintain a constant internal environment?
A
Nervous responses
Hormonal responses
3
Q
Name 2 changes in our internal environment which could cause us to become ill or die
A
Body temperature
Blood glucose levels
Water levels
4
Q
What is the main reason for homeostasis?
A
Enzymes
5
Q
Name some sense organs
A
Ears, eyes, nose, tongue, skin
6
Q
What does a receptor do?
A
Detect a stimulus and send information to the coordinators
7
Q
What is an effector?
A
Any part of the body that produces a response
8
Q
What are the two effectors?
A
Glands or muscles
9
Q
Name the cell type that detects stimuli in the environment
A
Receptor
10
Q
Name the component in the nervous system that processes stimuli
A
Spinal cord or brain
11
Q
What is the central nervous system made up of?
A
Brain and spinal cord
12
Q
What three structure do all control systems contain?
A
Receptors, coordinators, effectors
13
Q
What are nerves made of?
A
Bundles of neurones
14
Q
What are neurones?
A
Nerve cells
15
Q
What do nerves connect?
A
Receptors to CNS, CNS to effectors
16
Q
Where are receptors found in large amounts in?
A
Sense organs
17
Q
What is a light stimulus detected by?
A
Light sensitive cells in the retina of the eye
18
Q
What is touch detected by?
A
Pressure receptors
19
Q
What are nerve cells called?
A
Neurones
20
Q
What are neurones adapted to do?
A
Carry electrical impulses from one place to another
21
Q
What are the three main types of neurones?
A
Sensory, motor, relay
22
Q
What is the axon insulated by?
A
A fatty myelin sheath
23
Q
What are the tiny branches called at the end of neurones?
A
Dendrons
24
Q
Stimulus -> ______ -> ______ -> ______ -> ______
A
Stimulus
Receptor
Coordinator
Effector
Response
25
What does the brain do after receiving electrical signals from the receptor?
Send electrical signals down neurones which stimulate the effector to cause a response
26
What do reflexes **not** involve?
The conscious part of the brain
27
Which neurones coordinate a reflex response?
-where are they?
Relay neurones
Spinal cord
28
What do sensory neurones connect?
Receptors to coordinators
29
What do relay neurones connect?
Sensory neurones to motor neurones
30
Where is the cell body in a relay neurone?
In the spinal cord
31
What do relay neurones do?
Coordinate the correct response to the stimulus
32
What do motor neurones connect?
CNS to effectors
33
What do motor neurones do?
Send signal from the coordinator to effector
34
What is a synapse?
The gap between two nerve endings
35
What is the name for the gap between where a nerve ends and joins to another?
Synapse
36
What happens to the electrical signal at the synapse?
Transferred into a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap
37
Why is the synapse important?
Allows the nervous system to direct signal to the right location
38
What is not involved in a reflex action?
The brain
39
Why are reflex actions useful?
Rapid response which minimises damage
40
What neurone connects a sensory to a motor neurone?
Relay
41
What is the gap between two neurones called?
Synapse
42
What diffuses across the gap between two neurones?
Neurotransmitters
43
What is the brain made of?
Billions of neurones
44
What side of the brain do neurones from the left side of the body go to?
Right side of brain
45
What side of the brain do neurones from the right side of the body go to?
Left side of brain
46
What is the brain stem also known as?
Medulla
47
What is the medulla also known as?
Brain stem
48
What part of the brain controls consciousness?
Cerebral cortex
49
What part of the brain controls memory?
Cerebral cortex
50
What part of the brain controls intelligence and language?
Cerebral cortex
51
What part of the brain controls thoughts and feelings?
Cerebral cortex
52
What part of the brain controls unconscious processes?
Medulla
53
Name 2 unconscious processes controlled by the medulla
Heart rate
Breathing rate
Body temperature regulation
54
What does an endocrine gland produce?
Hormones
55
What type of gland is the Pituitary gland and the Hypothalamus?
Endocrine gland
56
What part of the brain controls conscious movement?
Cerebellum
57
What part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
Cerebellum
58
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
59
What does an fMRI allow us to see?
Active areas of the brain
60
What does an fMRI scanner use to detect changes in blood flow? (Mechanism)
Very powerful electromagnets
61
What does an fMRI detect?
Changes in blood flow to areas of the brain
62
What does an fMRI scan allow researchers to do?
Link parts of the brain with specific functions
63
What things could make a patient not suitable for a fMRI scan?
Metallic implants)
Pacemaker
Artificial heart valve
Replacement joint
Etc.
64
What can electrical stimulation be used to do?
Identify links between brain and parts of the body it controls
65
What might a person experience during electrical stimulation?
See lights
Hear sounds
Make involuntary movements
66
Name 2 conditions which can be managed via electrical stimulation
Parkinson’s
Epilepsy
Depression
67
What do neurones lack to ability to do?
Undergo mitosis
68
What is the function of the cornea?
Refracts light as it enters the eye
69
What is the function of the iris?
Controls how much light enters the pupil
70
What is the function of the lens?
Further refracts light to focus it on the retina
71
What is the function of the retina?
Contains light receptors
72
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Carries impulses between eye and brain
73
What is the function of the sclera?
A tough white outer layer of the eye protects the eye from injury
74
What do cone cells require to work properly?
Bright light
75
What do cone cells allow us to do?
See in colour
76
What eye structure works in lower light intensities?
Rods
77
Do rods perceive colour?
No
78
Do cone cells perceive colour?
Yes
79
What are rods sensitive to?
Movement
80
What two eye structures are refractive?
Cornea and lens
81
What do the cornea and lens work together to do?
Converge light rays to focus them at the focal point on the retina
82
Does the cornea or lens change shape?
Lens
83
What contracts or relaxed to change the shape of the lens?
Ciliary muscles
84
What is the accommodation reflex response?
Ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing to change the shape of the lens
85
What do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do to focus on an object that is near?
Ciliary muscles contact
Suspensory ligaments loosen
86
When the eye focused on an object that is near, does the lens become thicker or thinner?
Thicker
87
What do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do to focus on an object that is far?
Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments contract
88
When the eye focuses on an object far away, does the lens become thicker or thinner?
Thinner
89
What does light enter through so that it can be focused into the retina?
Pupil
90
What is the iris made up of a set of?
Antagonistic muscles
91
What 2 antagonistic muscles is the iris made of?
Radial muscles
Circular muscles
92
What happens to the circular muscles and radial muscles in the iris in bright light?
Circular muscles contract
Radial muscles relax
93
What happens to the circular muscles and radial muscles in the iris in dim light?
Circular muscles relax
Radial muscles contract
94
In bright light, what happens to pupil size?
Becomes smaller
95
In dim light, what happens to pupil size?
Increases
96
Why does pupil size reduce in bright light?
Less light can get in which protects the eye from damage
97
What are the two types of cell in the retina?
Rods
Cones
98
Where do cornea and lens converge light to?
Focal point on the retina
99
What is the response called which changes the shape of the lens?
Accommodation reflex response
100
What is pupil size controlled by?
Iris
101
What can an elongated eyeball cause?
Short sightedness
102
What can a too thick and curved lens cause?
Short sightedness
103
What can short sightedness be caused by?
Too thick or curved lens
Elongated eyeball
104
What type of lens is short sightedness corrected by?
Concave
105
What does a concave lens fix?
Short sightedness
106
What can long sightedness be caused by?
Stiff lens which cannot be round enough
107
What can a short eyeball cause?
Long sightedness
108
What can long sightedness be caused by?
Stiff lens
Short eyeball
109
In what eye defect is the focal point *past* the retina?
Long sightedness
110
What type of lens can long sightedness by corrected by?
Convex
111
What does a convex lens do?
Refracts and converges light so they meet at the retina
112
What does a concave lens do?
Refracts and diverges light rays so they meet at the retina
113
Name a modern treatment for treating long or short sightedness
Laser eye surgery
114
What causes cataracts to occur?
Cloudy lens
115
What group of people are cataracts more common in?
Old people
116
What can cataracts lead to if untreated?
Blindness
117
What is the name for chemical messengers in the body?
Hormones
118
What are hormones carried around the body by?
Blood (plasma)
119
Why is hormonal response slower than the nervous response?
Hormones travel by blood
120
What are the six endocrine glands?
Adrenal gland
Testes
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
121
What is a target organ?
An organ that detects and responds to hormones
122
What do cells on target organs have which hormones bind to?
Specific complimentary receptors in their plasma membranes
123
How do hormones affect organs?
Change what the organ is doing
124
Why is the pituitary gland known as the ‘master gland’?
Has indirect effect on other glands which cause them to secrete hormones
125
Which gland is known as the ‘master gland’?
Pituitary gland
126
What do we call an organ that detects and responds to hormones?
Target organ
127
Name a target organ of growth hormone
Muscles
Bones
128
What is glucose transported by in the blood?
Plasma
129
What is glucose used for in the body?
Respiration
130
What happens to blood glucose levels during exercise or fasting?
Decrease
131
Why does exercising cause blood glucose levels to decrease?
Our body increases the rate of respiration to supply muscles with more energy for contraction
132
What could happen if blood glucose levels are too low?
Coma
133
What can a high blood glucose level over a long period of time cause?
Organ failure
134
Which organ detects changes in blood glucose levels?
Pancreas
135
What does the pancreas secrete if blood glucose concentration is too high?
Insulin (hormone)
136
What cells does insulin target?
Muscle and liver cells
137
How does insulin reduce blood glucose concentration?
-increasing glucose absorption rate into cells
-converts glucose to glycogen to be stored in liver and muscle cells
138
What does the pancreas secrete if blood glucose concentration is too low?
Glucagon (hormone)
139
What cells does glucagon target?
Liver and muscle cells
140
What blood component does glucagon travel in?
Plasma
141
How does glucagon increase blood glucose concentration?
-stops glucose being absorbed by cells
-converting glycogen into glucose and releasing it into the bloodstream
142
What causes blood glucose concentration to decrease?
Exercise
Fasting
143
Which hormone is released by the pancreas to reduce blood glucose?
Insulin
144
Which hormone is released by the pancreas to increase blood glucose?
Glucagon
145
What causes type one diabetes?
Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
146
What people does type one diabetes usually occur in?
Children or teenagers
147
When blood glucose levels increase in type one diabetes, why is the body unable to return glucose levels back to normal?
Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
148
What is type one diabetes usually treated by?
Injection with insulin
149
How do people with type one diabetes have to keep their blood glucose levels low?
Eating a diet low in carbs
Exercising
150
Why can people with type two diabetes not control blood glucose levels despite the pancreas being able to produce enough insulin?
Cells become insulin resistant
151
In what people is type two diabetes usually present in?
Adults
152
What is a risk factor for type two diabetes?
Obesity
153
What is the main treatment for type two diabetes?
Following a low carb diet and exercising
154
Why may a diabetic patient be prescribed medicine?
Exercise and diet isn’t working
155
What is the start of puberty activated by?
The hypothalamus
156
What are the hormones involved in puberty called?
Sex hormones
157
What happens day 0-5 in the menstrual cycle?
Uterus lining breaks down and menstruation takes place
158
What happens day 14 in the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
159
What does the digestion of proteins result in?
Excess amino acids
160
Why does ammonia need to be converted to urea for excretion?
Ammonia is toxic
161
Where are excess amino acids transported to?
Liver
162
Which organ controls amino acid concentration in the body?
Liver
163
What is excess ammonia converted to?
Urea
164
Where are water and urea transported to?
Kidneys
