Everything Else (Exam 5)

Question 1

what were the results of Donald Symons study on cross-cultural gift-giving?

Answer 1

most cultures fell in the category where only men give gifts, there were no cultures where women’s gifts were more valuable than men’s or where only women gave gifts

Question 2

how are sex and gift-giving treated by Trobriand Islanders?

Answer 2

women and men have great sexual freedom, women are just as interested in sex as men, and women have equality with men, however, it is custom that sex is a service from women to men and men have to pay in the form of gifts (men shamed if they can’t please women)

Question 3

what was the conclusion of the University of Michigan students when asked if they gave sex for something of value or something of value for sex?

Answer 3

sex is transactional even if people aren’t desperate for resources or money

Question 4

what is “Sexual Economics Theory” by Baumeister and Vohs?

Answer 4

sex is a female resource (gatekeepers/sellers of sex) while sex is a male good to acquire (consumers/buyers of sex) females goals are to obtain as many resources as possible while males try to obtain sex with as few resources as possible

Question 5

what are the average prices for egg donation vs. sperm donation?

Answer 5

egg: $5,000
sperm: $35 - $150

Question 6

what causes men’s huge demand for sex?

Answer 6

they believe sex is in perpetually short supply because they desire variety

Question 7

true or false: men and women are likely to have sex even with increasing likelihood of an STI

Answer 7

false; men were, women were much less likely

Question 8

what are the sex differences in ST sex?

Answer 8

men: lower their standards dramatically
women: maintain relatively high standards

Question 9

what is the definition of sex work?

Answer 9

sex behavior in exchange for money for example stripping, porn, etc.

Question 10

99% of those who purchase sex are —

Answer 10

men

Question 11

+90% of those who sell sex are —

Answer 11

women

Question 12

what is the exploitative perspective of prostitiution?

Answer 12

prostitution should be illegal and criminalized because it is degrading and inherently exploitative

Question 13

what’s the labor perspective of prostitution?

Answer 13

women should have the right to use their bodies in any way they wish like football players and models

Question 14

what is sex trafficking?

Answer 14

forced sex work/prostitution

Question 15

what is street prostitution?

Answer 15

solicitation of sex in public spaces (streets, alleys, etc.) - most vulnerable

Question 16

what is brothel-based prostitution?

Answer 16

selling of sexual services in established venues

Question 17

what are escort services?

Answer 17

individual companionship and sexual services to clients often arranged through agencies or online platforms “The girlfriend experience”

Question 18

what is online sex work?

Answer 18

solicitation of sex or sexual content through online platforms - most protected

Question 19

why is porn not illegal?

Answer 19

it doesn’t fall under “sex work” because the actors aren’t exchanging money in the video they are both paid actors and therefore it is considered “art”

Question 20

what were the characteristics men described wanting in sex cam girls?

Answer 20

“healthy” appearance, attractive, happy, cheerful, enthusiastic

Question 21

true or false: the men on Ashley Madison reported cheating/wanting to cheat because they were unhappy in their marriages

Answer 21

false; the chances they would cheat were no different if they were happy or unhappy

Question 22

according to the Ashley Madison study what was the number one motivation for men to cheat?

Answer 22

low sexual satisfaction

Question 23

what are the motivations and benefits for sugar babies, sugar benefactors, and both?

Answer 23

babies: financial gain
benefactors: “dating up”
both: companionship, transparency, mentorship

Question 24

what are the disadvantages for sugar babies and sugar benefactors?

Answer 24

babies: concerns for physical safety
benefactors: reputation and being used for money

Question 25

true or false: in sugar baby-benefactors relationships, the benefactor has the most power

Answer 25

false; there are no statistical differences in perceived power - babies are attractive and benefactors have resources

Question 26

true or false: sugar arrangements always involve sex

Answer 26

false; almost always

Question 27

mate competition has existed since what?

Answer 27

sexual reproduction

Question 28

what is Dawkins's puzzle and what is the solution?

Answer 28

why do women compete on appearance? due to concealed ovulation, physical appearance is the male's cue to fertility and therefore is the basis for female competition

Question 29

what are the two general strategies of competition for humans?

Answer 29

self-enhancement and competition derogation

Question 30

what are the most effective attraction tactics for men?

Answer 30

displaying altruistic welfare tradeoff ratio and signal LT mating strategy

Question 31

does playing "hard to get" work?

Answer 31

in moderation yes - hard to get in general but not hard to get for you (signals high mate value and fidelity)

Question 32

true or false: overtly sexual acts are highly effective for attracting both men and women

Answer 32

false; effective for attracting men not women

Question 33

why does it work for women to derogate appearance of other women?

Answer 33

1. draws men's attention to small imperfections and emphasizes them 2. men want their partner to be approved by others because it improves his status

Question 34

true or false: resource derogation is most useful for men in competition and physical appearance derogation is most useful for women in competition

Answer 34

true

Question 35

many more men die before reproducing than men and many societies were polyamorous which has led to what?

Answer 35

modern human DNA shows more women have passed down their DNA than men

Question 36

what event caused an increase in polygamy?

Answer 36

humans engagement in agriculture

Question 37

monogamy is common in societies where what?

Answer 37

the hierarchy of men is more or less similar

Question 38

true or false: monogamy decreases the number of incels

Answer 38

true

Question 39

what were three ways past societies dealt with incels?

Answer 39

warfare, exploration, monestary

Question 40

what are the 4 dimensions needed to be identified as a "tendency for interpersonal victimhood"?

Answer 40

1. need for recognition 2. moral elitism 3. lack of empathy 4. rumination

Question 41

true or false: incels are majority right leaning

Answer 41

false; broad range

Question 42

what is "self verification theory"?

Answer 42

the tendency of humans to surround ourselves with others who see us the way we do even if its negative

Question 43

true or false: incels have standards that are too high

Answer 43

false; they are lower than average but they fail to cross-sex mindread and therefore believe they are undesirable

Question 44

incels think women what who?

Answer 44

Chad - hot and successful with no personality

Question 45

what is the modern mating crisis?

Answer 45

modern women's socio-economic success + evolved mate-preference for higher status mates = skewed ration of highly educated and selective women and a lack of economically attractive men

Question 46

why is there not MORE incel violence?

Answer 46

they let it out online

Question 47

there is so evidence of a decline in hypergamy which is what?

Answer 47

dating/marrying someone of superior status (women are mating down)

Question 48

by 2030 what percent of women will be single and childless?

Answer 48

45%

Question 49

what is the theory as to why love exists in humans?

Answer 49

may have evolved for LT monogamous commitment

Question 50

true or false: women and men have always depended on each other for survival and reproduction

Answer 50

true

Question 51

what are the 5 resources committed through love?

Answer 51

1. sexual resources 2. emotional resources 3. protection resources 4. economic resources 5. reproductive resources

Question 52

what are examples of sexual resources?

Answer 52

remaining faithful, sex with partner, resisted sex with others

Question 53

what are examples of emotional resources?

Answer 53

called partner when feeling sad, stand up for partner, listen to partner's problems

Question 54

what are examples of protection resources?

Answer 54

walking home at night, insisted they don't go alone, say you'd kill anyone who touches them

Question 55

what are examples of economic resources?

Answer 55

special presents, symbolic rings, cooking meals

Question 56

what are examples of reproductive resources?

Answer 56

taking about children, getting pregnant, giving birth

Question 57

what are the 5 core properties common to love experiences?

Answer 57

1. idealization of beloved 2. desire for union or merger 3. exclusivity 4. intrusive thinking about the love subject 5. intense emotional involvement

Question 58

true or false: men identified more sexual acts as love acts than women did

Answer 58

true

Question 59

true or false: women fall in love faster

Answer 59

false; men do

Question 60

true or false: men are more likely to consider love in terms of sexual commitment and pleasure of intercourse while women are more likely to consider love in terms of emotional commitment and security

Answer 60

true

Question 61

what is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?

Answer 61

love comprises of three factors: intimacy, passion, commitment

Question 62

true or false: love is a recent invention that is not universal

Answer 62

false; not recent and is universal

Question 63

true or false: the exchange of sex and gifts occurs in all cultures

Answer 63

true

Question 64

true or false: in societies with sex equality the percentages of gifting between men and women are more symmetrical

Answer 64

false: men still gift more

Question 65

in most sexual transactions who has the power?

Answer 65

women because men find women's sexuality highly valuable and therefore women can withhold or bestow it to get what she wants

Question 66

there is no evidence that women are less interested in sex than men yet they hold more power in sexual economics - why might this be?

Answer 66

the fundamental asymmetries in human reproductive biology and sexual psychology evolved as a consequence - women evolved psychology of few partners because of heavy parental investment in reproduction while men have the opposite

Question 67

what is "mutia"?

Answer 67

Iran's loophole to illegal prostitution where a woman will become a "temporary wife" for a few hours to exchange sex for money

Question 68

women's sexuality is fungible - what does that mean?

Answer 68

it can be exchanged or transposed for many other kinds of resources

Question 69

what is the concept of the "casting couch"?

Answer 69

the phenomenon where women have sex not only for money but for promotions, a raise, or to get a job (usually they suffer through it and do NOT enjoy it)

Question 70

what is "friends with benefits"?

Answer 70

sexual relationship with a friend involving mutual respect, longevity, some measure of attraction, moderate levels of passion, low commitment

Question 71

what are "booty calls"?

Answer 71

sexual relationships with very low emotional connection, very casual, usually text or call to propose sex

Question 72

for the Siriono in Bolivia, women are attracted to men's hunting ability - why?

Answer 72

women exchange sex for meat (men's affairs occur in exchange for meat BUT wives control the meat supply and can catch him cheating so to avoid he sends a piece of meat before returning home)

Question 73

women who have their own resources have more power to do what?

Answer 73

to act on sexual desire and refuse sexual advances from a partner

Question 74

how does Robert Sternberg describe intimacy?

Answer 74

warmth towards a person from feelings of closeness and connectedness

Question 75

how does Sternberg describe passion?

Answer 75

intense romantic feelings and sexual desire ("lovesick")

Question 76

how does Sternberg describe commitment?

Answer 76

LT and ST decision making together

Question 77

what is "mayakkam" to the South Indian Tamil people?

Answer 77

the "syndrome" of lovesickness described as confusion, dizziness, intoxication, etc.

Question 78

Sternberg: what is "empty love"?

Answer 78

commitment, no intimacy or passion

Question 79

Sternberg: what is "foolish love"?

Answer 79

passion and commitment, no intimacy

Question 80

Sternberg: what is "liking love"?

Answer 80

intimacy, no passion or commitment (friends)

Question 81

Sternberg: what is "romantic love"?

Answer 81

passion and intimacy, no commitment

Question 82

Sternberg: what is "infatuation love"?

Answer 82

passion, no intimacy or commitment

Question 83

Sternberg: what is "companionate love"?

Answer 83

intimacy and commitment, no passion

Question 84

Sternberg: what is "consummate love"?

Answer 84

perfect blend of three

Question 85

love acts like what?

Answer 85

a drug (euphoria)

Question 86

passionate love (lust) resembles what?

Answer 86

OCD - decreases levels of serotonin

Question 87

true or false: women and men describe love differently cross culturally

Answer 87

false; similarly

Question 88

true or false: men appear to stay in love longer than women

Answer 88

true

Question 89

-- have a better change of seeing a breakup coming or initiating it while for -- it seems abrupt

Answer 89

women, men

Question 90

after a breakup which sex seems to suffer more with depression and loneliness? why?

Answer 90

men because women have the "tending instinct"

Question 91

what is the "tending instinct"?

Answer 91

women are more likely to respond to stress by turning to others for support or caring for others therefore they have a better support network

Question 92

what characteristics are found in women more willing to have sex without love?

Answer 92

extroverts willing to try new things

Question 93

women more than men believe love should be a what to sex?

Answer 93

prerequisite

Question 94

men more than women believe sexual acts do what to love?

Answer 94

exemplify

Question 95

true or false: there are more women who have reported having sex to deepen an emotional bond

Answer 95

false; no substantial differences in men and women who reported it

Question 96

what is the theory of love Aristophanes describes in "Symposium"?

Answer 96

all humans have 4 legs, 4 arms, 2 faces but Zeus cut all in half an everyone is searching to reunite

Question 97

humans and bonobos are the only primates that participate in osculation which is what?

Answer 97

kissing

Question 98

kissing can decrease what hormone?

Answer 98

cortisol - the stress hormone

Question 99

why may women want to have sex with someone who is a good kisser?

Answer 99

kissing may be a litmus test for health (bad breath)

Question 100

what are the hormones released during sex that are linked to bonding?

Answer 100

vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 101

what is the cuddle hormone?

Answer 101

oxytocin

Question 102

vasopressin increases most post-orgasm in which sex?

Answer 102

men

Question 103

oxytocin increases most post-orgasm in which sex?

Answer 103

women

Question 104

true or false: monogamous animals who are attached have increased levels of vasopressin and oxytocin

Answer 104

true

Question 105

concealed ovulation likely evolved to do what?

Answer 105

increase pair bonding and commitment

Question 106

true or false: derogation of the competition always works

Answer 106

false; it depends on LT or ST

Question 107

true or false: for LT mating only women care for long courtship, men don't

Answer 107

false; both men and women want a long courtship for evaluation

Question 108

what are some useful tactics men use to attract mates?

Answer 108

display tangible resources, brag about accomplishments, lie about achievements, derogate rival's resources/potential, display generosity

Question 109

immediate wealth displays are more effective for -- relationships

Answer 109

ST

Question 110

men showing potential for resources for -- relationships

Answer 110

LT

Question 111

men wearing nice clothes is an effective tactic for -- relationships

Answer 111

both ST and LT

Question 112

men displaying masculine self-confidence is more of an effective tactic for -- relationships than --

Answer 112

ST > LT

Question 113

self confidence in men cues to what?

Answer 113

status and resources

Question 114

initiating visual contact is an effective tactic for women more in -- than in -- relationships

Answer 114

ST > LT

Question 115

true or false: women use perceived vulnerability and low intelligence as a strategy to get what they want

Answer 115

true

Question 116

what does humor in a man cue to?

Answer 116

compatibility, intelligence, moral virtue, cognitive skills