EVERYTHING EVER

Question 1

_________ is the scientific study of organisms, living and fossil.

Answer 1

Biology

Question 2

• Made up of a common set of chemical compounds
• Made up of cells
• Use molecules in the environment to make new molecules
• Extract energy from the environment and use it to do work
  -Regulate internal environment (Homeostasis)
• Contain genetic information that enables them to develop, function, and reproduce
• Use a universal genetic code to build proteins
• Exists in populations that evolve over time

Answer 2

The common characteristics of all life forms

Question 3

All life’s similarities in chemical composition, cell structure, and genetic code are due to what?

Answer 3

Common Ancestry

Question 4

Earth formed ____________ - ______________ ago, but it was _______________ or more before life evolved.

Answer 4

4.6 billion and 4.5 billion years; 600 million years

Question 5

• Nucleic Acids that reproduce themselves and serve as a template for protein synthesis
• Enclosure of Biological molecules by memebranes made of fatty acids similar to liposomes

Answer 5

What are the elements that are essential to life?

Question 6

A spherical structure contained by a membrane of phospholipids.

Answer 6

Liposomes

Question 7

What are single-celled organisms called?

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

What are the two main groups of Prokaryotes?

Answer 8

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 9

What major category of life has membrane-enclosed organelles and nuclei?

Answer 9

Eukarya

Question 10

What is the sum total of chemical reactions that occur in an organism, or some subset of a total (as in respiratory metabolism)

Answer 10

Metabolism

Question 11

What contains genetic information?

Answer 11

Nucleus

Question 12

What is the metabolic process carried out by green plants and some microorganisms by which visible light is trapped and energy is used to synthesize compounds such as ATP and glucose? This changed the nature of life on Earth life and the planet.

Answer 12

Photosynthesis

Question 13

What are early photosynthetic cells that are similar to present-day prokaryotes?

Answer 13

Cyanobacteria

Question 14

This type of metabolism occurs in the presence of oxygen?

Answer 14

Aerobic Metabolism

Question 15

This type of metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen?

Answer 15

Anaerobic Metabolism

Question 16

Which is more efficient Aerobic Metabolism or Anaerobic Metabolism?

Answer 16

Aerobic Metabolism (most organisms use this type of metabolism)

Question 17

Accumulating O2 lead to what?

Answer 17

The Ozone layer

Question 18

What does the ozone layer absorb?

Answer 18

Damaging UV Radiation

Question 19

The division of labor is such that different cell types become responsible for different functions. This allowed larger and more efficient.

Answer 19

Cell Specialization

Question 20

A group of similar cells is organized into a function unit.

Answer 20

Tissue

Question 21

Different types of tissue come together to form ________ to serve a specific function; this is a body part

Answer 21

Organs

Question 22

Organs can be grouped into ________________

Answer 22

Organ Systems

Question 23

What is the hierarchy of biological organisms?

Answer 23

Atoms, small molecules, large molecules, cells, organism, population

Question 23

Movement; biochemical ____; electrical ____ in the nervous system

Answer 23

Work

Question 23

Requires nutrients from the enviroment

Answer 23

Organism

Question 24

Energy can be stored ___

Answer 24

Fat

Question 25

Organisms regulate their internal environment; Maintenance of the narrow range of conditions in the internal environment

Answer 25

Homeostatis

Question 26

Regulation that requires information about the internal and external to be converted into neural signals

Answer 26

Sensory Mechanism

Question 27

Adaptations that allow the organism to alter its physiological and behavioral state | Effect

Answer 27

Effector Mechanism

Question 28

Integrate information and enable communication between sensors and effectors; transfer information between cells, organs, and organisms.

Answer 28

Signaling Mechanism

Question 29

Hierarchy of the biological world

Answer 29

Population, Community, Ecosystem, and Biosphere

Question 30

A major ecosystem that covers a broad geographic area with distinctive physical features and communities are known as _________

Answer 30

Biomes

Question 31

All biomes make up the _______

Answer 31

Biosphere

Question 32

Who showed that inherited traits exist in genes?

Answer 32

Gregor Mendel

Question 33

_____ are the discrete units of inhertience

Answer 33

Genes

Question 34

Sum total of all the DNA molecules in an organism; The complete DNA sequence for a particular organism and individual.

Answer 34

Genomes

Question 35

DNA consists of long sequences called _____________; The basic chemical unit consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

Answer 35

Nucleotides

Question 36

The Discovery of _____ in the mid-1900s transformed biological science; The fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms.

Answer 36

DNA (Deoxyribonueclic Acid)

Question 37

Change in the nucleotide sequence, are harmful, but lead to new adaptations.

Answer 37

Mutations

Question 38

Group of individuals of the same species that interbreed

Answer 38

Population

Question 39

Results in a change in the genetic makeup of populations over time; is the major unifying principle of biology.

Answer 39

Evolution

Question 40

Compiled factual evidence for evolution and proposed that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor. Argued that differential survival and reproduction could acocunt for much of the evolution of life.

Answer 40

Charles Darwin

Question 41

The differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same population. Leads to adaptations: structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.

Answer 41

Natural Selection

Question 42

Humans selectively breeding of plants and animals to obtain desired traits

Answer 42

Artificial Breeding

Question 43

The scientific study of entire sets of genes and their interactions; can be used to compare organisms, leading to the field of ________

Answer 43

Genomics

Question 44

The field of _____________ manages and analyzes sequencing data

Answer 44

Bioinformatics

Question 45

A graphic representation of the lines of descent among organisms or their genes

Answer 45

Phylogenetic Tree

Question 46

A taxonomic naming system in which each species is given a ________, a genus name followed by a species name.

Answer 46

Binomial (Homo sapiens)

Question 47

A group of related, similar species recognized by taxonomists with a distinct name used in binomial nomenclature

Answer 47

Genus (Homo)

Question 48

Quantified observations about a system under study

Answer 48

Data

Question 49

1. Observation 2. Ask Question 3. Form Hypotheses 4. Make Predictions 5. Design and Conduct an experiment

Answer 49

Scientific Method

Question 50

Uses observations or facts to develop a tentative answer or hypothesis

Answer 50

Inductive logic

Question 51

Used to predict what facts would also have to be true to be compatible with the hypothesis

Answer 51

Deductive logic

Question 52

A tentative answer to a question, from which testable predictions can be generated

Answer 52

Hypothesis

Question 53

____________ manipulate one factor while holding other variables constant

Answer 53

Controlled experiment

Question 54

____________ compare data gathered from populations that differ in multiple ways

Answer 54

Comparative Experiment

Question 55

Include a small group of species that are the subject of extensive research. They are organisms that adapt well to laboratory situations, and findings from experiments on them can apply to a broad range of species (Zebrafish, Fruitflies)

Answer 55

Model Systems

Question 56

A statistical test starts with a ________________ the premise that observed differences are the result of random variations that arise from drawing two finite samples from a population. | The claim that the effect being studied does not exist.

Answer 56

Null Hypothesis

Question 57

- Science must be testable - Have the potential to be rejected - Depends on reproducible and quantifiable evidence

Answer 57

Characteristics that distinguish Science and Non-science

Question 58

-Increasing knowledge of plant and animal biology - Recombinant gene technology - Biological Research led to higher yield crop varieties which has reduced hunger and famine - Current research to develop crops resistant to drought and flooding may help mitigate climate change - Understanding evolutionary theory allows biologists to devise strategies for pesticide application that minimize evolution of pest resistance

Answer 58

Modern Agriculture depends on Biology

Question 59

-Biology helps us understand diseases and their causes, and develop treatments - Evolutionary principles help us to understand how diseased organisms evolve resistance to drugs - Development of Vaccines control major epidemics

Answer 59

Biology is the basis of practical medicine

Question 60

Biologists are called to advise government agencies on many issues (ex. overfishing of bluefin tuna)

Answer 60

Biology can inform public policy

Question 61

- Human activities are causing unprecedented rates of change in Earth's systems - Increasing atmospheric CO2 is responsible for climate warming, which is contributing to species extinction and spread of disease - Biodiversity helps us understand, enjoy, and appreciate our world - Biodiversity enriches our lives in many ways: enhancing our enjoyment of bird watching, gardening, hunting, and fishing, collecting mushrooms, hiking, camping, etc.

Answer 61

Biology is crucial for understanding ecosystems

Question 62

The living together of two species in a prolonged and intimate relationship

Answer 62

Symbiosis

Question 63

-All matter is composed of ______ -The smallest unit of a chemical element. Consists of a nucleus and one or more electrons

Answer 63

Atom(s)

Question 64

Neglible Mass; negative charge

Answer 64

Electron

Question 65

Have mass; positive charge; apart of the atomic nucleus

Answer 65

Proton

Question 66

Have mass; no charge; apart of the atomic nucleus

Answer 66

Neutron

Question 67

The quantity of measure of matter present; the greater the _____ the greater the quantity of matter.

Answer 67

Mass

Question 68

In cells, the centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane and contains chromosomes. In the brain, an identifiable group of neurons that share common characteristics or functions

Answer 68

Nucleus

Question 69

The mass of the proton serves as the standard unit of measure called ______. A measure for the mass of atoms equal to the atomic mass unit. 1.7 x 10^-24

Answer 69

Dalton

Question 70

A fundamental substance that contains only one type of atom; a substance that can't be converted into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.

Answer 70

Element

Question 71

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; also equals the number of electrons around the atom. Determines the chemical properties of an atom

Answer 71

Atomic Number

Question 72

The arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, with vertical groupings of similar valence electrons.

Answer 72

Periodic Table

Question 73

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

Answer 73

Mass number

Question 74

Forms of a given chemical element that have the same number of protons in their nuclei (and are in the same position on the periodic table) but differ in the number of neutrons.

Answer 74

Isotope

Question 75

Carbon atoms in biological molecules are ____, but some are ___

Answer 75

12C;13C

Question 76

The average of the mass of numbers of a representative sample of atoms of an element, with all the isotopes in their normally occurring properties

Answer 76

Atomic Weight

Question 77

A radioactive isotope of an element. ex. carbon-14 and hydrogen-3. They give off energy in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. The atom is sometimes transformed into a different element.

Answer 77

Radioisotopes

Question 78

The spontaneous disintegration of a substance with the emission of ionizing radiation

Answer 78

Radioactive decay

Question 79

A chemical substance is made up of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds or ionic bonds. A stable association of atoms.

Answer 79

Molecule

Question 80

___________ in an atom determines how it combines with other atoms

Answer 80

Number of electrons

Question 81

A region in space surrounding the atomic nucleus in which an electron is most likely to be found (90% of the time).

Answer 81

Orbital

Question 82

The region surrounding the atomic nucleus at a fixed energy level in which electrons orbit. The farther from the nucleus the more energy. - First Shell: 1 orbital; holds 2 electrons - Second Shell: 4 orbitals; holds 8 electrons - Additional Shells: 4 orbital; holds 8 electrons

Answer 82

Electron Shell

Question 83

-_____________ atoms have unpaired electrons in their outermost shell; can share electrons, or lose or gain electrons

Answer 83

Reactive

Question 84

Tendency of atoms to form stable molecules resulting in a full valence shell | 8

Answer 84

Octet Rule

Question 85

The outermost energy shell of an atom, contains the valence electrons involved in chemical reactivity. The outermost shell determines how the atom behaves; if full it's stable

Answer 85

Valence Shell

Question 86

An attractive force stably linking two atoms to form molecules | C____________

Answer 86

Chemical Bonds

Question 87

A chemical bond is based on the sharing of electrons between two atoms. The outer shells are filled. Each atom contributes one member of each electron pair. - Single, sharing 1 pair of electrons - Double, sharing 2 pairs of electrons - Triple, sharing 3 pairs of electrons Bond energies are higher in multiple ___________

Answer 87

Covalent Bonds

Question 88

A substance is made up of atoms of more than one element. Made up of many units, as in the compound eyes of arthropods.

Answer 88

Compound

Question 89

The sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule.

Answer 89

Molecular Weight

Question 90

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons when it occurs as a part of a compound.

Answer 90

Electronegativity

Question 91

A covalent bond between atoms that has equal sharing of electrons (atoms have similar electronegativity)

Answer 91

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Question 92

A covalent bond in which the electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other, resulting in an equal distribution of charge. (atoms have very different electronegatively; positive one end and negative other end)

Answer 92

Polar Covalent Bonds

Question 93

Referring to a molecule with separate electric charges at two ends, or poles; water molecule

Answer 93

Polar

Question 94

An electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

Answer 94

Ions

Question 95

An ion with one or more positive charges

Answer 95

Cation

Question 96

An ion with a negative charge

Answer 96

Anion

Question 97

Groups of Covalently bonded atoms that carry an electric charge (NH4+)

Answer 97

Complex Ion

Question 98

An electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. A complete transfer of electrons may occur, resulting in two ions with full outer shells. (ex. Salts) Ions interact with polar molecules (e.g. salts dissolving in water)

Answer 98

Ionic Bonds

Question 99

A weak electrostatic bond which arises from the attraction between the slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on a nearby oxygen or nitrogen atom

Answer 99

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 100

Water loving; Having an affinity for water

Answer 100

Hydrophilic

Question 101

Water hating; Having no affinity for water; Uncharged and nonpolar groups of atoms are ___________

Answer 101

Hydrophobic

Question 102

A molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms; Nonpolar molecule and hydrophobic

Answer 102

Hydrocarbons

Question 103

A weak chemical interaction is caused when molecules that are not attracted to water interact to exclude water.

Answer 103

Hydrophobic Interactions

Question 104

Weak attractions between atoms resulting from the interaction of the electrons of one atom with the nucleus of another. This type of attraction is about one-fourth as strong as a hydrogen bond. Can be substantial when summed over a large molecule.

Answer 104

Van der WaalsForces

Question 105

The changes in the composition or distribution of atoms of a substance, with consequent attractions in properties. Occurs when atoms collide with enough energy to combine or change their bonding patterns

Answer 105

Chemical Reactions

Question 106

A chemical substance that enters into chemical reaction with another substance

Answer 106

Reactant

Question 107

A molecule that results from the completion of a chemical reaction

Answer 107

Product

Question 108

A reaction in which one substance transfers one or more electrons to another substance. ex. Combustion. They both take place at the same time - The electron acceptor (oxidizing agent) gains electrons and becomes reduced (oxygen) - The electron donor (reducing agent) loses electrons and becomes oxidized (propane)

Answer 108

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

Question 109

The capacity to do work or move matter against an opposing force. The capacity to accomplish change in physical and chemical systems. Usually changes during chemical reactions.

Answer 109

Energy

Question 110

The amount of energy that must be absorbed by a gram of a substance to raise its temperature by one-degree centigrade. By convention, water is assigned a specific heat of one. Water has a high specific heat capacity because of hydrogen bonding.

Answer 110

Specific Heat

Question 111

The energy that must be supplied to convert a molecule from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point

Answer 111

Heat of Vaporization

Question 112

The transition of water from liquid to the gaseous phase

Answer 112

Evaporation

Question 113

The tendency of molecules (or any substance) to stick together. Hydrogen bond between water molecule causes them to stick together.

Answer 113

Cohesion

Question 114

The binding of one cell or substance to another. Attraction of water molecules to other molecules of a different type.

Answer 114

Adhesion

Question 115

A liquid ( the solvent) and it's dissolved solutes.

Answer 115

Solution

Question 116

A substance that is dissolved in a liquid (solvent) to form a solution.

Answer 116

Solute

Question 117

The liquid in which a substance (solute) is dissolved to form a solution.

Answer 117

Solvent

Question 118

A quantity of a compound whose weight in grams is numerically equal to its molecular weight expressed in atomic mass units. Avagoadro's number of molecules: 6.023 x 10^23 molecules.

Answer 118

Mole

Question 119

The number of atoms in a mole (weighed out in grams) of a substance calculated to be _____________

Answer 119

6.023 x 10^23; Avagadro's Number

Question 120

A substance that can release a proton (H+) in solution

Answer 120

Acids

Question 121

A substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) in solution.

Answer 121

Base

Question 122

A chemical transformation that can occur in either direction, so that reactants become products and vice versa

Answer 122

Reversible Reaction

Question 123

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; is a measure of the acidity of a solution. A solution with a __ = 7 is said to be neutral; ___ values higher than 7 characterize basic solutions, while acidic solutions have __ values less than 7.

Answer 123

pH

Question 124

A substance that can transiently accept or release hydrogen ions and thereby resist changes in pH

Answer 124

Buffer

Question 125

The principle that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances.

Answer 125

Law of Mass Actions

Question 126

A large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers. Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids are _______

Answer 126

Polymers

Question 127

A small molecule, two or more of which can be combined to form oligomers (consisting of a few __________) or polymers (consisting of many ___________).

Answer 127

Monomers

Question 128

A giant (molecular weight > 1,000) polymeric molecule. The ___________ are proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Large lipids are also _______

Answer 128

Macromolecules

Question 129

A characteristic combination of atoms that contributes specific properties (such as charge or polarity) when attached to larger molecules (e.g., carboxyl group, amino group). A group of species that function in similar ways, whether or not they use the same resources.

Answer 129

Functional Group

Question 130

Molecules consisting of the same numbers and kinds of atoms, but differing in the bonding pattern by which the atoms are held together.

Answer 130

Isomers

Question 131

Molecules made up of the same kinds and numbers of atoms, in which the atoms are bonded differently.

Answer 131

Structural Isomers

Question 132

In molecules with a double bond, (typically between two carbon items), identifies on which side of the double bond similar atoms or functional groups are found. If they are on the same side, the molecule is a ___ isomer, in a _____ isomer, similar atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

Answer 132

Cis;trans Isomer

Question 133

Two molecular isomers that are mirror images of each other

Answer 133

Mirror Isomers

Question 134

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become connected by a covalent bond and a molecule of water is released. Energy is used to make covalent bonds between monomers to make a polymer; a water molecule is removed or produced.

Answer 134

Condensation Reaction

Question 135

A chemical reaction that breaks a bond by inserting the components of water. A polymer is broken down into monomers; energy is released and water is consumed.

Answer 135

Hydrolysis Reaction

Question 136

A long-chain polymer of amino acids with 20 different common side chains. Occurs with its polymer chain extended in fibrous ________, coiled into a compact macromolecule in enzymes and other globular ________. The component amino acids are encoded in the triplets of messenger RNA, and proteins are the products of genes.

Answer 136

Proteins

Question 137

An organic compound containing both NH2 and COOH groups. Proteins are polymers of _______________

Answer 137

Amino Acid

Question 138

The distinguishing group of atoms of a particular amino acid. Also called a side chain

Answer 138

R group (side chain)

Question 139

The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S--S-) linking to molecules or remote parts of the same molecule

Answer 139

Disulfide Bridge

Question 140

A short polymer of 20 or fewer amino acids. Also called and

Answer 140

Peptides;Oligopeptide

Question 141

A large molecule made up of 20 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Large ________ are called proteins.

Answer 141

Polypeptide

Question 142

The bond between amino acids in a protein; formed between a carboxyl group and amino group with the loss of water molecules.

Answer 142

Peptide Bond

Question 143

The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Answer 143

Primary Sequence

Question 144

In a protein, the localized regularities of structure, such as the ⍺ helix and the β pleated sheet. Things that affect this structure: High Temp, pH changes, High Concentration, and Non-polar substances.

Answer 144

Secondary Structure

Question 145

A prevalent type of secondary protein structure; a right-handed spiral.

Answer 145

⍺ (alpha) helix

Question 146

A type of protein secondary structure; results from hydrogen bonding between polypeptide regions running antiparallel to each other.

Answer 146

β (beta) pleated sheet

Question 147

In a protein, the relative locations in three-dimensional space of all the atoms in the molecule. The overall shape of protein. Things that affect this structure: High Temp, pH changes, High Concentration, Non-polar substances.

Answer 147

Tertiary Structure

Question 148

The loss of activity of an enzyme or nucleic acid molecule as result of structural changes induced by heat or other means

Answer 148

Denatured

Question 149

Aggregates of many individual molecules of a protein that self-assemble into large fibers. Associated with human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Answer 149

Amyloids

Question 150

The specific three-dimensional arrangement of protein subunits. Results from interaction of subunits by hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, ionic attractions, and hydrogen bonds.

Answer 150

Quaternary Structure

Question 151

A protein that guards other proteins by counteracting molecular interactions that threaten their three-dimensional structure.

Answer 151

Chaperones

Question 152

Organic Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. Common examples are sugars, starch, and cellulose.

Answer 152

Carbohydrates

Question 153

A simple sugar sugar. Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides are made up of ________________.

Answer 153

Monosaccharides

Question 154

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides

Answer 154

Disaccharides

Question 155

A polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides

Answer 155

Ogliosaccharides

Question 156

A macromolecule is composed of many monosaccharides. Cellulose and Starch

Answer 156

Polysaccharides

Question 157

A sugar containing five carbon atoms.

Answer 157

Pentoses

Question 158

A sugar containing six carbon atoms

Answer 158

Hexoses

Question 159

A bond between carbohydrate (sugar) molecules through an intervening oxygen atom

Answer 159

Glycosidic Bonds

Question 160

An energy-storage polysaccharide found in animals and fungi; a branched-chain polymer of glucose, similar to starch.

Answer 160

Glycogen

Question 161

A straight-chain polymer of glucose molecules, used by plant as strcutual supporting material.

Answer 161

Cellulose

Question 162

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and the phospholipids that make up biological membranes.

Answer 162

Lipids

Question 163

A simple lipid in which three fatty acids are combined with one molecule of glycerol

Answer 163

Triglycerides

Question 164

A triglyceride that is solid at room temperature. Adipose tissue, one type of connective tissue.

Answer 164

Fats

Question 165

A triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature

Answer 165

Oils

Question 166

A three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl groups; a component of phospholipids and triglycerides

Answer 166

Glycerol

Question 167

A molecule that is made up of a long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a polar carboxyl group. Found in many lipids

Answer 167

Fatty Acid

Question 168

A condensation (water-releasing) reaction in which the carboxyl group of fatty acid reacts with the hydroxyl group of an alcohol. Lipids, including most membrane lipids, are formed in this way.

Answer 168

Ester linkage

Question 169

A fatty acid in which all the bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds- that is, all the bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms.

Answer 169

Saturated Fatty Acids

Question 170

A fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds. This results in kinks that prevent packing (plant oils; liquid at room temperature)

Answer 170

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Question 171

An unsaturated fatty acid with a 2-carbon double bond at position 3 in the fatty acid chain. They protect against heart disease and stroke

Answer 171

Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 172

Of a molecule, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Answer 172

Amphipathic

Question 173

A lipid containing a "head" phosphate group that is hydrophilic and a "tail" that are fatty acid chains that are hydrophobic: an important constituent of cellular membranes. they also have glycerol and the two fatty acid tails can be either saturated or unsaturated.

Answer 173

Phospholipids

Question 174

A structure that is two layers in thickness. In biology, most often refers to the phospholipid ______ of membranes.

Answer 174

Bilayer

Question 175

Tightly together their hydrophilic, phosphate-containing "heads" face outward. Also called a lipid bilayer.

Answer 175

Phospholipid Bilayer

Question 176

Lipids packages inside a covering of protein, which allows them to be circulated in the blood.

Answer 176

Lipoproteins

Question 177

Light-absorbing pigment, e.g. β - carotene traps light energy for photosynthesis. In humans, β - carotene breakdown into Vitamin A.

Answer 177

Carotenoids

Question 178

Multiple rings share carbons. Cholesterol is important in membranes; other _________ are hormones.

Answer 178

Steroids

Question 179

Long-chain alcohol bound to an unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 179

Waxes

Question 180

A polymer made up of nucleotides, specialized for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. DNA and RNA are ___________

Answer 180

Nucleic Acids

Question 181

The fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms. In eukaryotes, stored primarily in the cell nucleus. A nucleic acid using deoxyribose rather than ribose. Two strands form a double helix. All ___ molecules have the same structure. Genetic information is carried in the sequence of base pairs. ___ can reproduce itself (replication).

Answer 181

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 182

Often single-stranded nucleic acid whose nucleotides use ribose rather than deoxyribose and in which the base uracil replaces thymine found in DNA. Serves as genome for some viruses. Single-stranded. Base pairing can occur between different regions of the molecule which results in 3-D structure

Answer 182

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 183

In nucleic acids, the purine or pyrimidine that is attached to each sugar in the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Answer 183

Nitrogenous Base

Question 184

A nucleotide without the phosphate group; a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar.

Answer 184

Nucleoside

Question 185

One of the two types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids; cytosine, thymine, and uracil. Single ring

Answer 185

Pyrimidine

Question 186

One of the types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids; adenine and guanine. Fused double ring

Answer 186

Purines

Question 187

The connecting in nucleic acid strand is formed by linking two nucleotides. Two covalent bonds through a phosphate group link the sugars of adjacent nucleotides.

Answer 187

Phosphodiester Bond

Question 188

A nitrogen-containing base found in nucleic acids, ATP, and other Compounds

Answer 188

Adenine (A)

Question 189

A nitrogen-containing base found in DNA and RNA

Answer 189

Cytosine (C)

Question 190

A nitrogen-containing base found in DNA, RNA, and GTP

Answer 190

Guanine (G)

Question 191

A nitrogen-containing single-ringed base found in DNA

Answer 191

Thymine (T)

Question 192

A pyrimidine base found in nucleotides of RNA

Answer 192

Uracil (U)

Question 193

The A-T (or A-U), T-A (or U-A), C-G, and G-C parings of bases in double-stranded DNA< in transcription, and between tRNA and mRNA.

Answer 193

Complementary Base Pairing

Question 194

The creation of a new strand of DNA which DNA polymerase catalyzes the exact reproduction of an existing (template) strand of DNA.

Answer 194

DNA replication

Question 195

The synthesis of RNA using one strand of DNA as a template

Answer 195

Transcription

Question 196

The synthesis of a protein (polypeptide). Takes place on ribosomes, using the information encoded in the messenger RNA/

Answer 196

Translation

Question 197

The process of transcription and translation into a protein of the information (nucleotide sequence) contained in a gene.

Answer 197

Gene Expression

Question 198

A unit of hereditary, Used here as the unit of genetic function that carries the information for a polypeptide or RNA.

Answer 198

Genes

Question 199

The idea is that under ordinary circumstances, living organisms can form from nonliving materials.

Answer 199

Spontaneous Generation

Question 200

________ and _____ (1950s) experiment with reconstructing those primitive conditions using gases thought to be in the early atmosphere: H2, NH3, CH4, H2O

Answer 200

Miller and Urey

Question 201

The theory that life originated through the chemical transformation of inanimate substances.

Answer 201

Chemical Evolution

Question 202

The simplest structural unit of a living organism. In multicellular organisms, many individual ___ serve as the building blocks of tissues and organs.

Answer 202

Cells

Question 203

A phospholipid bilayer forming a barrier that separates the internal contents of a cell from the nonbiological environment or encloses the organelles within a cell. The membrane regulates the molecular substances entering or leaving a cell or organelle.

Answer 203

Membrane

Question 204

A self-organized sphere of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life.

Answer 204

Protocells

Question 205

The theory that all cells are the basic structural and physiological units of living organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cell

Answer 205

Cell theory

Question 206

For any cell, organism, or geometrical, solid, the ratio of__________________; this is an important factor in setting an upper limit of the size a cell or organism can attain

Answer 206

Surface area to volume ratio

Question 207

The membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating the entry and exit of molecules and ions. Every cell has a cell membrane. The ______________ is composed of phospholipids.

Answer 207

Cell membrane

Question 208

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding organelles, and other solids

Answer 208

Cytosol

Question 209

The contents of the cell excluding the nucleus

Answer 209

Cytoplasm

Question 210

Unicellular organism that do not have nuclei or other membrane-enclosed organelles. Includes bacteria and archaea.

Answer 210

Prokaryotes

Question 211

Organism whose cells contained their genetic material inside the nucleus, includes all life, other than viruses, archaea, bacteria.

Answer 211

Eukaryotes

Question 212

Any of the membrane enclosed structures with a eukaryotic cell. Examples include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.

Answer 212

Organelles

Question 213

In cells, the centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane, and contains the chromosomes

Answer 213

Nucleus

Question 214

The region that harbors, the chromosomes of a prokaryotic cell. Unlike the eukaryotic nucleus, it is not bounded by a membrane.

Answer 214

Nucleoid

Question 215

A small particle in the cell that is the site of protein synthesis

Answer 215

Ribosome

Question 216

A relativel structure, that encloses cells of plants, fungi, many protists, and most prokaryotes, and which gives the cells their shape and limits their expansion in the hypotonic media.

Answer 216

Cell wall

Question 217

In organelles that have two membranes, such as chloroplast and mitochondria, the ________________ encloses the entire organelle

Answer 217

Outer Membrane

Question 218

In some prokaryotes, dense layer of polymers that surrounds the cell wall

Answer 218

Capsule

Question 219

A membrane that is enclosed within a membrane bound organelle examples include membranes around thylakoids and chloroplast, and the mitochondrial membrane

Answer 219

Internal membrane

Question 220

A whip-like appendage propels cells. Prokaryotic differ greatly from those found in eukaryotes. ________ are about 100 to 200 µm and occur singly or in pairs; composed of microtubules, which are arranged in a 9+2 array.

Answer 220

Flagella

Question 221

A structure that links prokaryotes cells at the beginning of conjunction

Answer 221

Pili

Question 222

The network of microtubules and microfilaments that give a eukaryotic cell its shape, and its capacity to arrange its organelles and to move. Support cells, hold cells and organelles together, moves organelles, moves cytoplasm, and interacts with extracellular structures.

Answer 222

Cytoskeleton

Question 223

A small, generally spherical body found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA

Answer 223

Nucleolus

Question 224

A double membrane that includes the cell nucleus

Answer 224

Nuclear envelope

Question 225

Nucleic acid protein complex that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 225

Chromatin

Question 226

In bacteria and viruses, the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus. And eukaryotes, a structure, composed of DNA and proteins, that bears part of the genetic information of the cell.

Answer 226

Chromosome

Question 227

System of intracellular membranes, that exchange material with one another, consisting of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes when present

Answer 227

Endomembrane system

Question 228

Within the cytoplasm, a cell membrane-enclosed compartment that is associated with other organelles; the Golgi apparatus is one example

Answer 228

Vesicles

Question 229

A system of membranous tubes and flatten sacks in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes. Exist in two forms: rough ER, studied with ribosomes; and smooth, ER, lacking ribosomes.

Answer 229

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 230

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum, whose outer surface has attached ribosomes

Answer 230

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 231

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, and has a tubular appearance

Answer 231

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 232

A system of concentrically folded membranes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; functions in secretion from the cell by exocytosis. The Golgi apparatus receives protein containing vesicle, modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins, add carbohydrates to proteins and modifies other carbohydrates, it's where some polysaccharides or plant cells are made, and cuts certain large precursor proteins into smaller pieces.

Answer 232

The Goldie apparatus

Question 233

The lysosome before fusion of an endosome

Answer 233

Primary lysosomes

Question 234

The process of cell uses its cell membrane to enclose and engulf a macromolecule or particle in the extracellular environment

Answer 234

Phagocytosis

Question 235

A membrane organelle formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome with a figure zone, in which molecules taken up by phagocytosis or hydrolyzed into monomers

Answer 235

Secondary lysosome

Question 236

A process by which a vesicle in a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside

Answer 236

Exocytosis

Question 237

The programmed destruction of cell's components

Answer 237

Autophagy

Question 238

A class of human diseases, invariably harmful or fatal, that are caused by the failure of lysosomes to digest specific cellular components. An example is Tay-Sachs disease.

Answer 238

Storage Diseases

Question 239

Energy-generating organelles in eukaryotic cells that contain the enzyme of the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 239

Mitochondria

Question 240

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electrons carries O2, generating H2O and releasing energy; Highly exergonic; drives endergonic formation of many ATP molecules

Answer 240

Cellular Respiration

Question 241

An organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis.____________ occur only in eukaryotes.

Answer 241

Chloroplasts

Question 242

A flattened sac within a chloroplast. _________ membranes contain all of the chlorophyll in a plant in addition to the electron carries of phosphorylation. _____________ stack to form grana

Answer 242

Thylakoids

Question 243

An organelle that houses reactions in which toxic peroxides are formed and then converted into water.

Answer 243

Peroxisome

Question 244

A plant organelle in which stored lipids are converted to carbohydrates.

Answer 244

Glyoxysomes

Question 245

A membrane-enclosed organelle in plant cells that can function for storage, water, concentration for turgor, or hydrolysis of stored macromolecules. Provides structure, Contains pigments that help the plant with reproduction, and is used for storage.

Answer 245

Vacuoles

Question 246

In eukaryotic cells, a fibrous structure is made up of actin molecules monomers. ____________________ play roles in the cytoskeleton, in cell movement, and in muscule contraction.

Answer 246

Mircofilaments

Question 247

A protein that makes up the cytoskeleton, microfilaments, and eukaryotic cells, and one of the two contractile proteins in muscle

Answer 247

Actin

Question 248

A part of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments, ______________ in diameter between microtubules and microfilaments

Answer 248

Intermediate filaments

Question 249

Tubular structures found in the centrioles, spindle apparatus, cilia, flagella, and cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. ___________ roles in the motion and maintenance of shape of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 249

Microtubules

Question 250

A protein that polymerizes to form microtubules

Answer 250

Tubulin

Question 251

Specialized proteins that use energy to change shape, and move cells or structures within cells | Membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules;move

Answer 251

Membrane transport proteins

Question 252

A type of protein that binds to microtubules and also vesicles. By moving along the microtubules, _________ act as motor proteins to move attached vesicles. Moves materials to the plus end

Answer 252

Kinesins

Question 253

A type of protein that binds to microtubules and causes, bending in cilia and flagella. Move materials towards the minus end.

Answer 253

Dyneins

Question 254

Hair like organelles used for locomotion by many unicellular organisms, and for moving water and mucus by many multicellular organisms, generally shorter than flagella; ____ are about 0.25 µm in length; composed of microtubules, arrange in a 9+2 array

Answer 254

Cilia

Question 255

In Plant cells, membrane line channels that extend through the cell walls and connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Answer 255

Plasmodesma

Question 256

A material of heterogeneous compositions surrounding cells, and performing many functions, including adhesions of cells.

Answer 256

Extracellular matrix

Question 257

A fiber protein found exclusively in bone and connective tissue

Answer 257

Collagen

Question 258

A glycol protein, containing a protein core with attached long, linear carbohydrate chains

Answer 258

Proteoglycans

Question 259

A living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate state

Answer 259

Symbiosis

Question 260

The theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via the engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another

Answer 260

The theory of Endosymbiosis

Question 261

A molecular model for the structure of biological membranes, consisting of fluid phospholipid bilayer in which suspended proteins, are free to move in the plane of the bilayer

Answer 261

Fluid mosaic model

Question 262

- the cell membrane is full of motion - cholesterol can be added to decrease the fluidity of the membrane - cells can also change the saturation of the fatty acids on the fossil lipids to increase or decrease _____________ - fluid: unsaturated, hydrocarbon tails with kinks - viscous: saturated hypocarbon tails that are straight

Answer 262

Membrane Fluidity

Question 263

__________ is a flat (planer) hydrophobic molecule. And eukaryotic cells membrane prevent "close packing" of phospholipids. At colder temperatures, membrane still maintain fluid like motion. Temperature adaptation, and some animals involves adjusting the amount of __________ in their membranes.

Answer 263

Cholesterol

Question 264

Proteins that are at least partially embedded in the cell membrane

Answer 264

Integral membrane proteins

Question 265

Proteins associated with, but not embedded within the cell membrane

Answer 265

Peripheral membrane proteins

Question 266

Proteins that are associated with the membrane by covalent attachments to lipids | attachments

Answer 266

Anchor membrane proteins

Question 267

An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 267

Transmembrane protein

Question 268

A protein region, rich in hydrophobic amino acids, that spans the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 268

Transmembrane domains.

Question 269

A lipid which sugars are attached to

Answer 269

Glycolipid

Question 270

Protein to which sugars are attached

Answer 270

Glycoprotein

Question 271

The specific binding of cells to one another mediated by membrane proteins or carbohydrates | cell binding, the r_____

Answer 271

Cell recognition

Question 272

The binding of one cell to another, often mediated by noncovalent forces

Answer 272

Cell adhesion

Question 273

Pertaining to adhesion of cells of the same type

Answer 273

Homotypic

Question 274

Pertaining to the binding of the same types of cells, due to the interaction of the same molecules on the cell surfaces

Answer 274

Heterotypic

Question 275

Specialized structures associated with the cell membranes of epithelial cells. Some contribute to cell adhesion, others to intercellular communication. | together;adhesion

Answer 275

Cell junctions

Question 276

Adjunction, epithelial cells in which there is no gap between adjacent cells

Answer 276

Tight junctions

Question 277

And adhering junction between animal cells | a structure; somes

Answer 277

Desmosomes

Question 278

A 2.7 nm gap between cell membranes of two animal cells, spanned by proteins protein channels. ___________ allow chemical substances or electrical signals to pass from cell to self.

Answer 278

Gap junctions

Question 279

In animals, a transmission protein that mediates the attachment of epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix | In______

Answer 279

Integrin

Question 280

The characteristics of membranes that allows certain substances to pass through, while other substances are excluded

Answer 280

Selective permeability

Question 281

Diffusion across a membrane; may or may not require a channel or carrier proteins. Occurs by diffusion.

Answer 281

Passive transport

Question 282

The dependent transport of a substance across a biological membrane against a concentration gradient that is, from a region of low concentration (of that substance) to one high concentration

Answer 282

Active transport

Question 283

A difference in concentration of an ion or other chemical substance from one location to another, often across a membrane

Answer 283

Concentration gradient

Question 284

The random movement of molecules, or other particles, resulting in the even distribution of the particles, when no barriers are present; solute moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration movement continues until equilibrium has been reached

Answer 284

Diffusion

Question 285

When the net movement of molecule stops, because the concentration of solute is equal on both sides of the membrane

Answer 285

Equilibrium

Question 286

- the size and mass of the molecules are ions - the temperature of the solution - the density of the solution - the concentration gradient in the system - the area across which a substance diffuses and the distance it diffuses

Answer 286

Things that determine how fast a substance diffuses

Question 287

Diffusion that does not involve a direct input of energy or assistance by carrier proteins

Answer 287

Simple diffusion

Question 288

The movement of water across differentially permeable membrane, from one region to another region where the water potential is more negative

Answer 288

Osmosis

Question 289

-small hydrophobic molecules, O2, CO2, N2, benzene, and small and charged polar molecules, H2O, glycerol, and ethanol: are able to pass through the lipid bilayer - large, uncharged, polar molecules, amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, and ions: H+, Na+, HCO3-, K+, Ca 2+, Cl-, Mg 2+: are unable to pass through

Answer 289

Membrane permeability

Question 290

Having the same solute concentration; said of two solutions

Answer 290

Isotonic

Question 291

Having a lower solute concentration; said of one solution, and comparing it with another

Answer 291

Hypotonic

Question 292

Having a higher solute, concentration: set of one solution, and comparing it with another

Answer 292

Hypertonic

Question 293

An integral membrane protein, that forms in aqueous passageway across the membrane in which it is inserted in which specific solutes may pass

Answer 293

Channel proteins

Question 294

Proteins that bind another substance to transport it from one location to another; carriers bind, small molecules, and transport them across membranes

Answer 294

Carrier proteins

Question 295

Passive movement through a membrane involving specific carrier proteins; is not proceed against the concentration gradient

Answer 295

Facilitated diffusion

Question 296

And integral membrane protein that allows ions to diffuse across the membrane in which it's embedded

Answer 296

Ion channels

Question 297

A membrane protein, that changes, its three-dimensional shape, and therefore its ion conduct, in response to a stimulus. When open, it allows specific ions to move across the membrane.

Answer 297

Gated channel

Question 298

Any molecule that binds to a receptor site of another

Answer 298

Ligand

Question 299

Transport protein in plant and animal cell membranes through which water passes in osmosis.

Answer 299

Aquaporins

Question 300

A membrane transport protein that carries a single substance in one direction

Answer 300

Uniporter

Question 301

A membrane transport protein that carries two substances in the same direction

Answer 301

Symporter

Question 302

A membrane transport protein that moves one substance in one direction, and another in the opposite direction

Answer 302

Anti-Porter

Question 303

Membrane proteins that transport, two substances across a membrane, often with the transport of one energetically driving the transport of another | two

Answer 303

Coupled transporters

Question 304

Actor transport, in which ATP is hydrolyzed, yielding, the energy required to transport an ion or molecule against its concentration gradient

Answer 304

Primary active transport

Question 305

The form of active transport, that does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient, establishing a primary active transport. Also called transport.

Answer 305

Secondary active transport (co-transport)

Question 306

A process by which lipids or solid particles are taken up by so through invagination of the cell membrane

Answer 306

Endocytosis

Question 307

Mitosis by a cell of liquid containing dissolved substances, within vesicles

Answer 307

Pinocytosis

Question 308

Endocytosis initiated by macromolecular binding to specific membrane receptor

Answer 308

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 309

A protein that combine to a specific molecule, or detect a specific stimulus, within the cell or the cells external environment

Answer 309

Receptor proteins

Question 310

The series of biochemical steps, whereby a stimulus to a cell (such as a hormone or nerve transmitter binding into a receptor) is translated into a response of the cell | st pathway

Answer 310

Signal transaction pathway

Question 311

Unicellular and multicellular organisms must have ____________. It's important for coordinating multiple cell actions within the organism. ____________________ is usually done by chemical signaling: examples, fighter flight response, hunger, satiation, embryonic development.

Answer 311

Cell communication

Question 312

1. Synthesis of signaling molecule. 2. Release of signaling molecule. 3. transport of signaling molecule to target cell 4. Reception of signal by target cell 5. Transduction of signal within target cell 6. Response by the target sell.

Answer 312

Steps in cell communication

Question 313

_________________ are any molecules that can be used for communication. Can be proteins, small polypeptides, gases, and steroids (hydrophobic), which are also called ligands.

Answer 313

Signaling molecules

Question 314

Can diffuse across the cell membrane, ex. steroid hormones- usually has an internal receptor; Ligand

Answer 314

Small hydrophobic molecules

Question 315

Cannot pass through the membrane. ex. Gross factors - must have an external receptor; Ligand

Answer 315

Water soluble (hydrophilic) molecules

Question 316

Cannot pass the cell membrane. ex. prostaglandins - must have an external receptors | ______loving

Answer 316

Large lipophilic hormones

Question 317

Pertaining to a chemical signal that binds to add effect the cell that makes it

Answer 317

Autocrine

Question 318

Pertaining to a chemical signal that binds to, and affects only cells adjacent to it, and which it is in direct contact

Answer 318

Juxtacrine

Question 319

Pertaining to a chemical signal that binds to, and affects nearby cells

Answer 319

Paracrine

Question 320

A chemical signal produced in minute amounts at one site in a multicellular organism and transported to another site where acts on target cells

Answer 320

Hormones

Question 321

Interactions between signal transduction pathways | between

Answer 321

Cross talk

Question 322

A molecule in the target cell that binds to a ligand with high affinity and high specificity

Answer 322

Receptor

Question 323

Strength of the bond

Answer 323

Affinity

Question 324

A ______________________ Larger polar, Ligands cannot cross the lipid bilayer example insulin | type of something;M____ R_____

Answer 324

Membrane receptors

Question 325

Small or nonpolar Ligands can diffuse across the nonpolar phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane and enter the cell example estrogen. The receptor that binds its ligand inside the cell.

Answer 325

Intracellular receptors

Question 326

An equilibrium constant measuring the tendency of two substances that are bound together to separate into two smaller components. In cell signaling, the two substances are a ligand and a receptor.

Answer 326

Dissociation constant

Question 327

A chemical substance that illicit a specific response in a cell or tissue example neurotransmitter

Answer 327

Agonist

Question 328

Chemical substance that blocks the other action of a biochemical substance

Answer 328

Antagonist

Question 329

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein | k______

Answer 329

Protein kinases

Question 330

A class of receptors that change configuration upon ligand binding such that a G protein binding site is exposed on the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor, initiating a signal transduction pathway | c_______-;together

Answer 330

G-Protein coupled receptors

Question 331

A membrane protein involved in signal transduction; characterized by binding GDP or GTP

Answer 331

G Protein

Question 332

In cell signaling, a protein responsible for the cellular response to a signal transduction pathway

Answer 332

Effector protein

Question 333

A compound, such as cAMP, that is released within a target cell after a hormone (the first messenger) has bound to a surface receptor on the cell; the ________________ triggers further reactions within the cell

Answer 333

Second Messengers

Question 334

A series of reactions in response to the molecular signal, in which a series of protein kinases active in sequence, amplifying the signal at each step

Answer 334

Protein Kinases cascade

Question 335

The signal that stimulates mitosis

Answer 335

Mitogens

Question 336

This is a common second messenger. The enzyme that catalyzes information of ________ from ATP (Adenylyl cyclase) is located on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Binds to ion channels, and many kinds of sensory cells and opens the channel. Binds to protein kinases and or phosphorus and cytoplasm this exposes, the active site and a protein kinase cascade

Answer 336

Cyclic AMP

Question 337

A phospholipid in the cell membrane that is involved in cell, signaling after a ligand binds to a nearby receptor

Answer 337

Phosphatidyl Inositol-biphosphate

Question 338

In hormone action, the second messenger produced by hydrolytic removal of the head group of certain Phospholipids

Answer 338

Diacyglyceride (DAG)

Question 339

Intracellular second messenger, derived from membrane phospholipids | I___

Answer 339

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

Question 340

Glycogen synthase, which catalyzes the joining of glucose molecules to synthesize the energy storing molecule glycogen, it is activated when a phosphate group is added to it by protein kinase A. thus the epinephrine signal prevents glucose from being stored in the form of glycogen

Answer 340

Inhibition

Question 341

Phosphorylase kinase is activated when a phosphate group is added to it. It is a part of protein kinase cascade, that ultimately leads to the activation of glycogen phosphorylation cascade, that ultimately leads to the activation of glycogen phosphorylase, another key enzyme in glucose metabolism. This enzyme results in the liberation of glucose molecules from glycogen.

Answer 341

Activation

Question 342

In a gap junction, protein channel linking adjacent animal cells

Answer 342

Connexons

Question 343

In plants, the tubule inside a plasmodesma, through which small metabolites and ions move between plant cells

Answer 343

Desmotubule

Question 344

_____________ is a relay of a signal from receptors to target molecules often leads to a phosphorylation cascade and ultimately cellular response. One molecule can create a large response, and one molecule can create a diversity of responses.

Answer 344

Signal transduction

Question 345

Different cells can respond differently to the same signal. Signals can be amplified. Signal can overlap or influence one another. A signal could have multiple effects within the same cell. A few signaling and receptor molecules can accomplish a symphony of effects.

Answer 345

Why so many different steps?

Question 346

The signals after the first messenger. The _______________________ is released into the cytoplasm after signal bines to receptor second message affect. Many processes in the cell. Usually small diffusible molecules include cAMP,CA2+ NO,IP3 and DAG.

Answer 346

Secondary messengers

Question 347

A large class of receptor proteins that have enzymatic activity; can initiate 10 or more transduction pathways ;help cells regulate in coordinate cell growth and reproduction

Answer 347

Tyrosine Kinase receptor

Question 348

Overexpression of RTK receptor leads to continuous binding of growth factors. The cell cycle is continuously turned on". Cause aggressive breast, tumor growth

Answer 348

Breast cancer

Question 349

Channel proteins that allow ions to enter a cell. Signals activate receptors to open and can be chemical Ligand such as hormones. Sensory stimuli, such as light, or electric charge differences in acetylcholine receptor on muscle cell is a __________________

Answer 349

Gated ion channel receptors

Question 350

____________ program cell death. It is preferred method of cell death and is used throughout the lifespan of multicellular organisms. This signal can be intrinsic (directed from within the cell) extrinsic (directed by other cells)

Answer 350

Apoptosis

Question 351

Cells receive apoptoic signal. Caspasea (CED) begins the process of breaking down the cell. Blebs form. Cell release a signal to invoke phagocytosis.

Answer 351

Apoptosis pathway

Question 352

Dramatic changes in bacterial activity once their numbers reach a threshold or quorum

Answer 352

quorum sensing

Question 353

Species of strain, specific, signaling molecules or more general signals. Can result in light edition, secretion of proteins that allow for attack of host or production, or secretion of biofilms.

Answer 353

Bacterial communication

Question 354

Energy not doing work, but with the potential to do so, such as the energy stored in chemical bonds

Answer 354

Potential energy

Question 355

The energy associated with movement

Answer 355

Kinetic energy

Question 356

A synthesis reaction in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones and energy is released.

Answer 356

Catabolic reactions

Question 357

A synthetic reaction in which simple molecules are linked to form more complex once; requires an input of energy and captures it in the chemical bonds that are formed. They build large molecules from smaller ones.

Answer 357

Anabolic reactions

Question 358

Laws, derived from studies of the physical properties of energy and the ways energy interacts with matter. 1. Energy in the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed 2. Every energy transfer transformation increases the entropy of the universe. When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the energy becomes unavailable to do work.

Answer 358

Laws of thermodynamics

Question 359

The total energy of a system

Answer 359

Enthalpy (H)

Question 360

Energy is available for doing useful work, after allowance has been made for the increase or decrease of disorder

Answer 360

Free energy (G)

Question 361

Referring to a chemical reaction in which the products of the reaction have lower free energy, then the reactants, resulting in a release of free energy; catabolism; complexity, decreases (generates disorder)

Answer 361

Exergonic reactions

Question 362

Referring to a chemical reaction in which the products have higher free energy than the reactants, thereby requiring free energy input to occur. Anabolism; complexity (order increases).

Answer 362

Endergonic reactions

Question 363

A state of Nob net charge, occurring when the forward and reverse reactions in a system take place at the same time

Answer 363

Chemical equilibrium

Question 364

A test tube or similar vessel, in which the contents of cells are at least in studied, after the cells are lysed by the destruction of the integrity of the cell membrane

Answer 364

Cell free system

Question 365

The energy associated with the chemical reaction that can be used to do work. The sum of the entropy and the product of temperature and entropy.

Answer 365

Standard free energy

Question 366

In chemistry of substance that speeds of a reaction without being permanently, altered itself

Answer 366

Catalyst

Question 367

Catalytic protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction

Answer 367

Enzymes

Question 368

An enzyme, catalyzed reaction, the reactive condition of the substrate, after there has been sufficient input of energy (activation energy) to initiate the reaction | thisis a state

Answer 368

Transition state

Question 369

The energy barrier that blocks the tendency for a chemical reaction to occur

Answer 369

Activation energy (EA)

Question 370

The molecules on which an enzyme exerts catalytic action

Answer 370

Substrates

Question 371

The region of an enzyme, or ribosome, where the substrate binds, and where catalysis occurs

Answer 371

Active site

Question 372

Intermediate in an enzyme catalyzed reaction; consist of an enzyme, bound to its substrates. Held together by hydrogen bonds. E + S = ES= E + P

Answer 372

Enzyme substrate complex (ES)

Question 373

A change in shape of an enzyme caused by binding to its substrate that exposes the active site of an enzyme

Answer 373

Induced fit

Question 374

An RNA molecule with catalytic activity

Answer 374

Ribozymes

Question 375

A non-protein carbon containing molecule that is required for the action of one or more enzymes

Answer 375

Coenzyme

Question 376

The scientific study of an organism as an integrated and interacting system of genes, proteins, and biochemical reactions

Answer 376

Systems biology

Question 377

A non-substrate that inhibits the activity of an enzyme by binding to its active site, preventing substrate binding

Answer 377

Competitive inhibitor

Question 378

An enzyme inhibitor that bind the enzyme, substrate complex, preventing the complex from releasing products

Answer 378

Uncompetitive inhibitor

Question 379

A non-substrate that inhibits the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site other than it's active site

Answer 379

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 380

Regulation of the activity of a protein (usually an enzyme) by binding of a non-substrate molecule to a site other than its active site

Answer 380

Allosteric regulation

Question 381

The phosphate bonds in____ are high energy bonds. Forming phosphate bonds stores energy (Endergonic) Breaking phosphate, bonds releases, energy (exergonic)

Answer 381

ATP

Question 382

This starts with cellular respiration: chemical energy, harvested from fuel molecules in turns into which is the energy used for cellular work, which turns into ADP + P

Answer 382

ATP cycle

Question 383

The reactant of an enzyme acts on is referred to as the enzymes substrate, the substrate binds to an enzyme at its active site the specificity of an enzyme is attributed to the complementary fit between the shape of its active site, the shape of the substrate

Answer 383

Enzymes are specific

Question 384

In a catalyzing reaction an enzyme may use one or more_______________________. Enzymes orient substrate molecules, bring together the atoms that will bond enzymes and stretch the bonds and substrate molecules, making them unstable enzymes contemporary. Add chemical groups to substrates. | things

Answer 384

Mechanism of catalyst

Question 385

Thousands of chemical reactions are occurring in cells simultaneously. The reactions are organized in metabolic pathways. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. The pathways are interconnected. Regulation of enzymes in the reaction rates helps maintain internal homeostasis.

Answer 385

Enzyme Regulation

Question 386

In _______________ a metabolic pathway is halted by the end product binding to the initial enzyme as an inhibitor this allows the cells to produce the necessary amount of product without resources

Answer 386

Feedback inhibition

Question 387

A series of enzyme catalyze reaction, so arrange that the product of one reaction is the substrate of the next

Answer 387

Metabolic pathway

Question 388

The enzymatic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. Occurs in the cytoplasm. ____________ occurs in two phases, energy investment and energy harvest. Inputs: 6C Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 4 ADP + 4 P. Output: 2(3C) pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ADP, 4 ATP (produced). Net gain: 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate+ H2O, 2 NADH + 2H-. Subject to Allosteric regulation. The control point is Phosphofructokinase (allosterically inhibited by ATP)

Answer 388

Glycolysis

Question 389

The ionized form of pyruvic acid, three carbon acid; the end product of glycolysis and the raw material of the citric acid cycle

Answer 389

Pyruvate

Question 390

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules, and past three intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy; use O2 from the environment and is completely converted into three molecules of CO2

Answer 390

Cellular respiration

Question 391

The anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules, such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy; does not involve O2; converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The goal is to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to run both pathways yield two ATP per glucose.

Answer 391

Fermentation

Question 392

The compound reacts with oxaloacetate to produce citrate at the beginning of the citric acid cycle; key metabolic intermediate, in the formation of many compounds. Sometimes called acetyl coenzyme A

Answer 392

Acetyl CoA

Question 393

ATP formation in the mitochondrion, associated with the flow of electrons through the respiratory chain

Answer 393

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 394

The terminal reactions of cellular respiration, in which electrons are passed from NAD or FAD, through a series of intermediate carriers, to molecular oxygen, with a concomitant production of ATP

Answer 394

Respiratory chain

Question 395

An integral membrane protein that couples the transport of proteins with the formation of ATP. Is an enzyme that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. Produces ATP from ADP. Uses the flow of protons released in an electron transport chain, protons bind to the root of the __________________ enzyme, changing the rotor shape, causing it to spin.

Answer 395

ATP synthase

Question 396

A force generated across a membrane having two components: a chemical potential (difference in proton concentration), plus an electric potential due to the electrostatic charge on the protein

Answer 396

Protein motive force

Question 397

The formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplast, resulting from pumping of protons across the membrane, (against the gradient of electric charge, and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthesis activity

Answer 397

Chemiosmosis

Question 398

Metabolic pathway in which glucose is catabolized in the absence of oxygen

Answer 398

Anaerobic respiration

Question 399

Metabolic pathway in which glucose is catabolized in the absence of oxygen with the production of lactic acid

Answer 399

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 400

Metabolic pathway in which glucose is catabolized in the absence of oxygen with the production of ethyl alcohol

Answer 400

Alcoholic fermentation

Question 401

Glucose+ 6 Oxygen ----------> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + ATP (Energy). Glucose Oxidizes and is the reducing agent (Loses an Electron) and Oxygen Carbon Dioxide, and Water are Reduced and are the oxidizing agent.

Answer 401

Cellular Respiration Formula

Question 402

ΔG from complete combustion of glucose

Answer 402

-686 kcal/mol

Question 403

Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (____) can oxidize or reduce metabolites. ____ carries electrons between reactions during respiration.

Answer 403

NAD + Electron Shuffle

Question 404

Enzymes transfer a phosphate group form an organic substrate to ADP to create ATP. Least efficient form of ATP production.

Answer 404

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 405

Also called the Kreb’s Cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. NADH and FADH2 capture electrons from the conversion of acetyl-coA to citric acid. ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation. The cycle turns twice for every glucose molecule. Subject to allosteric regulation. Control point is isocitrate dehydrogenase (inhibited by NADH+ H+ and ATP

Answer 405

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 406

Glucose formed from citric acid cycle and glycolysis intermediate. Some intermediates of the citric acid cycle are reactants in pathways that synthesize nucleic acids.

Answer 406

Gluconeogenesis

Question 407

An organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and some energy source, such as sunlight, or chemically reduced matter

Answer 407

Autotroph

Question 408

An organism that requires preformed organic molecules as food

Answer 408

Heterotroph

Question 409

The initial phase of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy. Light energy excites the electrons in chlorophyll. The electrons are collected by an electron acceptor and transferred either to an electron transport chain to make ATP or to NADP+ (an electron shuttle). Electrons from the splitting of water replenish those lost from chlorophyll and oxygen is released. ATP and NADPH move to the stroma to be used in the Calvin Cycle.

Answer 409

Light reactions

Question 410

The phase of photosynthesis in which chemical energy captured in the light reactions is used to drive the reduction of CO2 to form, corporal hydrates

Answer 410

Carbon fixation reactions

Question 411

A self propagating wave that travels through space, and has both electrical and magnetic properties

Answer 411

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 412

The distance between successive peaks of wave trains, such as electromagnetic radiation

Answer 412

Wavelength

Question 413

Quantum of visible radiation; "packet " of light energy

Answer 413

Photon

Question 414

As substance that absorbs visible light

Answer 414

Pigment

Question 415

Any of several green pigments associated with chloroplast or certain bacterial membrane; responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis

Answer 415

Chlorophyll

Question 416

A graph of light absorption versus wavelength of light; shows how much light is absorbed at each wavelength

Answer 416

Absorption spectrum

Question 417

A graph of a biological process versus light wavelength; shows which wavelengths are involved in the process

Answer 417

Action spectrum

Question 418

In photosynthesis, a group of different molecules that cooperate to absorb light energy and transfer it to a reaction center. Also called antenna system

Answer 418

Light harvesting complexes

Question 419

A group of electron transfer proteins that receive energy from light absorbing pigments and converted to chemical energy by redox reactions

Answer 419

Reaction center of the Photosystem

Question 420

In photosynthesis, the flow of electrons, that forms, ATP, NADPH, and O2

Answer 420

Non-cyclic electron transport

Question 421

Photosynthetic light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2

Answer 421

Cyclic electron transport

Question 422

The mechanism for ATP formation in chloroplast, in which electron transport is coupled to the transport of hydrogen ions (protons, H+) across the Thylakoid membrane

Answer 422

Phosphorylation

Question 423

The stage of photosynthesis in which CO2 reacts with RuBP to form 3PG, 3PG is reduced to a sugar, and RuBP is regenerated, while other products are released to the rest of the plant. Also known as the Calvin Benson cycle.

Answer 423

Calvin cycle

Question 424

Contraction of RuBisCO biphosphate, carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that combines CO2 or O2 with ribulose biphosphate to catalyze the first step of photosynthetic carbon fixation, or Photorespiration, respectively

Answer 424

Rubisco

Question 425

A phosphorated, three carbon sugar; an intermediate and glycolysis and photosynthetic carbon fixation. Also, called Triose phosphate.

Answer 425

Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3P)

Question 426

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of oxygen to a substrate from O2

Answer 426

Oxygenase

Question 427

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of carboxyl functional groups to a substrate

Answer 427

Carboxylase

Question 428

A small opening in the plant epidermis that hermits, gas exchange; bound by a pair of guard cells, whose osmotic status regulates the size of the opening

Answer 428

Stomata

Question 429

The fixation of O2 instead of CO2 in chloroplast, on hot, sunny days, resulting in the release of some CO2 fixed in photosynthesis

Answer 429

Photorespiration

Question 430

Plants produce 3PG as the first stable, product of carbon fixation and photosynthesis, and the ribulose biphosphate as a CO2 receptor

Answer 430

C3 plants

Question 431

Plants that produce oxaloacetate as the first stable product of carbon fixation and photosynthesis and use phosphoenolpyruvate as a CO2 acceptor. C4 plants also perform the reactions of C3 photosynthesis.

Answer 431

C4 Plants

Question 432

Part of a tissue that surrounds the veins of a plant, and where the fixed CO2 is released for the use of the Calvin cycle

Answer 432

Bundles sheath cells

Question 433

The enzyme that combines CO2 with PEP to form four-carbon dicarboxylic acid as the start of C4 photosynthesis, or crassulacean acid metabolism

Answer 433

PEP carboxylase

Question 434

The phosphorlated salt of three carbon acid, formula, OPO3H2 – CO – CO – COOH, that is an intermediate, in metabolic pathway, such as a glycolysis

Answer 434

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 435

The metabolic pathway enabling the plants that possess it to store CO2 at night, and then perform photosynthesis during the day with stomata closed

Answer 435

crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Question 436

Organisms that produce glucose through photosynthesis

Answer 436

Producer/Photoautotrophs

Question 437

The ______________ is a way to create ATP using only Photosystem 1.

Answer 437

cyclic flow of electrons

Question 438

The one or more signals required to initiate cell division. The signals may originate from either inside or outside the cell.

Answer 438

Cell division signals

Question 439

Reproduction of a prokaryote by division of a cell into two genetically, identical, progeny cells

Answer 439

Binary fission

Question 440

In bacteria and viruses, the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus. And eukaryotes, a structure, composed of DNA and protein, that bears part of the genetic information of the cell.

Answer 440

Chromosome

Question 441

The division of a diploid nucleus to produce haploid cells. The process consist of two successive nuclear divisions of a cell that has undergone only one cycle of chromosome replication. In meiosis one, homologous chromosomes, separate, but retain their sister chromatids. The second division, meiosis two is similar to mitosis in which sister chromatids separate.

Answer 441

Meiosis

Question 442

The stages through which a cell passes between one mitotic division and the next. It includes all stages of interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), mitosis cytokinesis (M phase).

Answer 442

Cell cycle

Question 443

In the cell cycle, the period between successive nuclear divisions during the chromosomes are diffuse in the nuclear envelope is intact. During ____________, the cell is most active and transcribing and translating genetic information.

Answer 443

Interphase

Question 444

In the cell cycle, the gap between the end of cytokinesis and the onset of S phase. During this phase, each chromosome is a single DNA molecule with associated proteins. Variations in the duration of ___ account for most variability in the length of the cell cycle in different cell types. Some rapidly dividing embryonic cells, dispense with it entirely, whereas other cells may retain and ___ for weeks or even years.

Answer 444

G1 phase

Question 445

In the cell cycle point at which G1 phase ends, and S phase begins

Answer 445

G1 to S transition

Question 446

In the cell cycle, the stage of interphase, during which DNA is replicated. Each chromosome is duplicated and therefore consists of two sister chromatids (the product of DNA replication) the sister chromatids remain joined together until mitosis, when they segregate into two daughters cell

Answer 446

S-phase

Question 447

Each pair of newly replicated, genetically identical (except for mutations) traits

Answer 447

Sister chromatids

Question 448

In the cell cycle, the gap between S phase and the onset of mitosis. The cell makes preparations for mitosis, for example, by synthesize to get assembling the structures that move the chromatids to opposite ends of the dividing cell.

Answer 448

G2 phase

Question 449

A protein Kinase, whose target proteins are involved in transition in the cell cycle, and that is only active when complex with additional protein subunits called cyclins

Answer 449

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)

Question 450

This specific time during G1 phase of the cell cycle, when the cell becomes committed to undergo the rest of the cell cycle

Answer 450

Restriction point (R)

Question 451

A protein that activates, a cyclin-dependent kinase, bringing about transitions in the cell cycle

Answer 451

Cyclins

Question 452

A chemical signal that stimulates cells to grow and divide

Answer 452

Growth factors

Question 453

The nucleic acid protein complex that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 453

Chromatin

Question 454

The region, where Sister chromatids join and microtubule attached to chromosomes

Answer 454

Centromere

Question 455

A portion of a eukaryotic, chromosome, consisting of a part of the DNA molecule, is wrapped around a group of histone molecules, and held together by another type of histone molecule. Period of chromosomes is made of many

Answer 455

Nucleosome

Question 456

The major microtubule, organizing center of an animal cell Aynes, a pair of centrioles

Answer 456

Centrosome

Question 457

A paired organelle that helps organize the microtubules in an animal and protest cells during nuclear division

Answer 457

Centrioles

Question 458

Specialized structure on a centromere to which microtubule attached

Answer 458

Kinetochore

Question 459

During mitosis, the separated, chromatids from the beginning of anaphase onward

Answer 459

Daughter chromosomes

Question 460

Formation of new individuals without gamma fusion (and eukaryotes) or conjunction (in prokaryotes). Often takes place by budding or fragmentation.

Answer 460

Asexual reproduction

Question 461

Genetically identical cells, or organisms produced by a common ancestor, by asexual, means to produce many identical copies of DNA sequence by its introduction into, and subsequent a sexual reproduction of, a cell or organism

Answer 461

Clones

Question 462

Reproduction involving the union of gametes

Answer 462

Sexual reproduction

Question 463

Mature sexual reproductive cell: the egg or sperm

Answer 463

Gametes

Question 464

All the cells of the body that are not specialized for reproduction

Answer 464

Somatic cells

Question 465

Pair of mashing chromosomes made up of a chromosome from each of the two sets of chromosomes and a diploid organism

Answer 465

Homologous pairs

Question 466

In cytogenetics, one of a pair (or larger set) of chromosomes, having the same overall genetic composition and sequence. In diploid organisms, each chromosome inherited from one parent is matched by an identical (except for mutational differences) chromosome – it's __________ – from the other parent.

Answer 466

Homologs

Question 467

Having a chromosome complement consisting of one copy of each chromosome; designated 1n or n

Answer 467

Haploid

Question 468

The cell is created by the union of gametes, in which the gamete nuclei is also fused. The earliest stage of diploid generation.

Answer 468

Zygote

Question 469

The union of gametes

Answer 469

Fertilization

Question 470

Having a chromosome complement consisting of two copies (homologs) of each chromosome. Designated 2n

Answer 470

Diploid

Question 471

The highly specific parallel alignment (pairing) of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1. Homologous chromosomes synapse, and form tetrad or bivalent.

Answer 471

Synapsis

Question 472

An X shaped connection between paired homologous chromosomes in prophase one of meiosis. It is the visible manifestation of crossing over between a homologous chromosomes.

Answer 472

Chiasmata

Question 473

The mechanism by which linked genes undergo recombination. In general, the term refers to the reciprocal exchange of corresponding segments between two homologous chromatids

Answer 473

Crossing over

Question 474

In meiosis, chromatids that has exchanged parts with a non sister homologous chromatid

Answer 474

Recombinant chromatids

Question 475

During meiosis, the random separation of genes carried on non-homologous chromosomes into gametes so that the inheritance of these genes is random. The principle was articulated by Mendel as his second law.

Answer 475

Independent assortment

Question 476

Condition in which one or more chromosomes are either lacking or present in excess

Answer 476

Aneuploidy

Question 477

The failure of sister chromatids to separate in meiosis II or mitosis, or of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis 1 result in aneuploidy

Answer 477

Nondisjunction

Question 478

Pertaining to a cell or organism, with only one copy of a chromosome that should be in one (or more) copies

Answer 478

Monosomic

Question 479

The number, forms, and types of chromosomes in a cell

Answer 479

Karyotype

Question 480

Creature, cell death caused by external agents, such as toxins

Answer 480

Necrosis

Question 481

Group of proteases, that catalyze cleavage of target proteins, and are active in apoptosis | C_________

Answer 481

Caspases

Question 482

A disorganized mass of cells. Malignant _________ spread to other parts of the body

Answer 482

Tumors

Question 483

Referring to a tumor that grows to a limited extent, and does not spread to other parts of the body

Answer 483

Benign

Question 484

Referring to a tumor that can grow indefinitely or grow from the original site to other areas of the body

Answer 484

Malignant

Question 485

The spread of tumor cells to region into the body away from the primary tumor

Answer 485

Metastasis

Question 486

A gene that codes for a protein product that stimulates cell proliferation. Mutations in ______________ that result in excessive cell proliferation can cause arise to cancer. | Cancer

Answer 486

Oncogene

Question 487

A gene that code for protein product that inhibits cell proliferation; an active and cancer cells | Cancer

Answer 487

Tumor suppressors

Question 488

Some white cells produce ___________ that promote cell division in other white cells

Answer 488

Interleukins

Question 489

Platelets that initiate blood clotting, stimulate skin cells to divide and heal wounds

Answer 489

Platelet derived growth factor

Question 490

Different variants of a gene

Answer 490

Alleles

Question 491

1. Nucleotides – the building blocks of DNA and RNA 2. Strand – a linear polymer strand of DNA or RNA. 3. Double helix – two strands of DNA. 4. Chromosome – DNA associated with an array of different proteins into a complex structure. 5. Genome – the complete complement of genetic material in an organism.

Answer 491

Levels of DNA structure

Question 492

Stranded, anti-parallel, right, handed helix, sugar, phosphate, backbone, bases on inside, stabilized by each bonding, specific base pairing, about 10 nts per helical turn, grooves are revealed in the space-filling model, The major groove provides a binding cipher proteins that controls the expression of genes, and minor grooves are narrower

Answer 492

Features of DNA

Question 493

In 1953 ________ and __________ proposed the structure of the double DNA helix. They used Linus Pauling method of working out protein structure using simple __________. _________________ x-ray diffraction results were crucial evidence, suggesting the helical structure with uniform diameter.

Answer 493

James Watson; Francis Creek; Ballin stick model; Rosalind Franklin's

Question 494

_____________ said that is DNA based composition from many different species. The results showed the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and that the amount of sine is equal to the amount of guanine.

Answer 494

Erwin Chargoff

Question 495

DNA replication produces DNA molecules with one parental strand and one daughter strand; kind of like meiosis

Answer 495

Semiconservative mechanism

Question 496

Do you know replication produces one double helix with both parental strands and the other with two new daughter strands

Answer 496

Conservative mechanism

Question 497

DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are interspersed with parental DNA

Answer 497

Dispersive mechanism

Question 498

Origin of replication provides an opening, called a replication bubble, that forms _________________________. DNA proceeds outward from these forks. Bacteria have a single origin of replication and eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication.

Answer 498

Replication forks

Question 498

_____________ proteins cut the DNA strands to prevent them from reforming a double helix

Answer 498

Single strand binding

Question 499

______________________ travel slightly ahead of the replication fork, and alleviates coiling caused by the action of Helicase

Answer 499

DNA topoisomerase

Question 500

________________ travels along one DNA strand in the 5'-3' direction and separates the DNA strand

Answer 500

DNA helicase

Question 501

Covalently links nucleotides, DNA synthesizes with the deoxyribonucleic triphosphate, and DNA proofreading

Answer 501

DNA polymerase

Question 502

Free nucleotides with three phosphate groups, breaking covalent bonds to release Pyrophosphate (two phosphate) provide energy to connect nucleotides

Answer 502

Deoxynucleoside triphosphate

Question 503

Requires a primer to get started, DNA primers makes the primer from RNA, the RNA primer is removed and replaced with DNA later, only works in the 5'-3' direction, DNA polymerase is able to covalently link nucleotides together with a primer, which is made by DNA primase

Answer 503

Features of DNA polymerase

Question 504

DNA synthesized as in one molecule, DNA primase makes a single RNA primer, DNA, polymer, and nucleotides in the 5' - 3' direction as it slides forward

Answer 504

Leading strand

Question 505

DNA synthesized 5' - 3' but Okazaki fragments, Okazaki fragments consist of already primers plus DNA

Answer 505

Lagging strand

Question 506

1. DNA wrapping: DNA wrapped around his stones to form nucleosomes, shortens the length of DNA sevenfold. 2. 30-nm fiber: current mod, suggests asymmetric, 3-D zigzag of the nucleus, short length another sevenfold 3. Radio loop domains: interaction between 30 – nm fiber and nuclear matrix, each chromosome located in discrete territory

Answer 506

Levels of DNA compaction

Question 507

Not as compact

Answer 507

Euchromatin

Question 508

Much more compact

Answer 508

Heterochromatin

Question 509

Any agent that increases the mutation rate

Answer 509

Mutagen

Question 510

A change in the genetic material not caused by recombination

Answer 510

Mutations

Question 511

The synthesis of RNA using one strand of DNA as a template. This occurs in three steps. 1. Initiation: RNA polymerase to the promoter. 2. Elongation: the RNA strand grows. 3. Termination: RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and attaches from the DNA initiation

Answer 511

Steps of transcription

Question 512

Transcription factors (collection of proteins: recognizes promoter. A promoter is a unique sequence of nucleotides that signifies the beginning of a gene. The promoter tells RNA polymerase, where to start in which DNA strand to transcribe. RNA polymerase binds to transcription factors and promoters. | This is a step

Answer 512

Initiation

Question 513

Molecular biology, the addition of monomers to make a longer DNA, RNA or protein, during transcription or translation 1. RNA polymerase changes (configuration) shape and is released from the promoter. 2. RNA polymerase reads the DNA in the 5' - 3' direction and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing 3'end of the Arney transcript 3. RNA polymerase doesn't proofread or correct mistakes

Answer 513

Elongation

Question 514

In molecular biology, the end of transcription or translation 1. RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence (a unique sequence that signifies the end of a gene). 2. RNA polymer dissociates from the DNA and releases the RNA.

Answer 514

Termination

Question 515

The synthesis of a protein (polypeptide). Takes place on ribosomes, using the information and coded with messenger RNA. | The process of

Answer 515

Translation

Question 516

The premise that information flows from DNA to DNA, from DNA to RNA, and from RNA to polypeptide (protein).

Answer 516

The central dogma of molecular biology

Question 517

The transcript, after processing in eukaryotes, of a region of one of the strands of DNA for a gene; it carries information (as a sequence of codons) for the synthesis of one or more proteins | Type of RNA

Answer 517

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 518

A small particle on the cell is a side of protein synthesis

Answer 518

Ribosome

Question 519

Several species of RNA that are incorporated into the ribosome. Involved in peptide bond formation.

Answer 519

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 520

A family folded RNA molecules. Each _____ carries a specific amino acid in an anticodon that will pair with the complementary codon in mRNA during translation.

Answer 520

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 521

Production of DNA using an RNA template

Answer 521

Reverse transcription

Question 522

RNA virus that contains several transcriptase. RNA serves as a template for cDNA production, and the cDNA is integrated into a chromosome of the host cell

Answer 522

Retroviruses

Question 523

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of RNA from a nucleic acid (usually DNA) template

Answer 523

RNA polymerase

Question 524

DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

Answer 524

Promoter

Question 525

The place within a promoter, where transcription begins

Answer 525

Initiation site

Question 526

In prokaryotes, protein that builds to RNA polymerase, allowing the complex to bind to and stimulate the transcription of a specific class of genes

Answer 526

Sigma factors

Question 527

Proteins that assemble on a eukaryotic chromosome, allowing RNA polymerase II to perform transcription | this is a factor

Answer 527

Transcription factors

Question 528

The initial gene transcript before it is modified to produce functional mRNA. Also knows the primary transcript.

Answer 528

Precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA

Question 529

A portion of a gene within the coding region that is transcribed into pre-mRNA, but is spliced out during mRNA processing, prior to translation

Answer 529

Intron

Question 530

A portion of a gene that is present in mature mRNA. _______ encode polypeptide sequence.

Answer 530

Exons

Question 531

The modification of RNA primary transcript; for example, the splicing out of Intron

Answer 531

RNA processing

Question 532

Methylated, guanine, nucleotide, bonded to the 5' end of the eukaryotic mRNA

Answer 532

5' cap

Question 533

Long sink of nucleotides (100 to 300) added after transcription to the 3' end of most eukaryotic mRNAs

Answer 533

A poly A tail

Question 534

The last stage of RNA processing in eukaryotes, in which the transcripts of Introns are exercised through the action of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Answer 534

RNA splicing

Question 535

The list of all possible 64 triplet mRNA sequence (codons) in the amino acids, they encode. Used during translation to convert a linear sequence of nucleotides into a linear sequence of amino acids.

Answer 535

Genetic code

Question 536

The three nucleotides in messenger, RNA, that direct the placement of a particular amino acid into a polypeptide chain

Answer 536

Codon

Question 537

The mRNA triplet (AUG) that acts as a signal for the beginning of translation at the ribosome

Answer 537

Start codon

Question 538

Any of the 3MRNA codons that signal, the end of protein translation at the ribosome: UAG, UGA, UAA. Also called a nonsense codon.

Answer 538

Stop codons

Question 539

The nucleotides that transfer RNA that pair with a complementary triplet (a codon) in messenger RNA

Answer 539

Anticodon

Question 540

The genetic code is ___________ meaning that all organisms use the codes the same way with only few variations, _____________ (Redundant). Most amino acids are encoded by two or more codons, and _____________ where codon codes for one amino acid

Answer 540

Universal; degenerate: unambiguous

Question 541

the ribosome binds to mRNA, “start” tRNA (UAC) binds to “start” codon (AUG) of mRNA at the P site of the ribosome. In prokaryotes rRNA binds to mRNA recognition site “upstream” from start codon. In eukaryotes the small subunit binds to the 5′ cap on the mRNA and moves until it reaches the start codon.

Answer 541

Translation Initiation

Question 542

The polypeptide grows by binding of complementary tRNAs, and movement of tRNAs from A site to P site. Large subunit catalyzes two reactions: It breaks bond between tRNA in P site and its amino acid. Peptide bond forms between that amino acid and the amino acid on tRNA in the A site

Answer 542

Translation Elongation

Question 543

The ribosome reads the “stop” codon on the mRNA, a release factor binds to the stop codon and releases the polypeptide and dissociates the ribosome.

Answer 543

Translation Termination

Question 544

______________ binds to the stop codon and releases the polypeptide and dissociates the ribosome.

Answer 544

release factor

Question 545

The DNA molecule made in the laboratory that is derived from two or more genetic sources

Answer 545

Recombinant DNA

Question 546

On a piece of two stranded DNA, short, complementary, single-stranded regions produced by the action of a restrictive endonuclease, _______________ facilitate the joining of segments of DNA from different sources.

Answer 546

Sticky end

Question 547

To produce many identical, copies of a DNA sequence by its introduction into, a subsequent asexual reproduction, of a cell or organism

Answer 547

Clone

Question 548

Insertion of recombinant DNA into a host (animal) cell

Answer 548

Transformation/transfection

Question 549

Containing DNA incorporated into the genetic material

Answer 549

Transgenic

Question 550

A gene, such as one encoding resistance to an antibiotic, that can be used to identify (select cells that contain recombinant DNA among a large population of untransformed cells,

Answer 550

Selectable marker

Question 551

Stem cells that have the capacity to develop into any other type of cell

Answer 551

Totipotent stem cells

Question 552

A region of DNA replicated from a single origin of replication

Answer 552

Replicon

Question 553

A plasma or virus that carries an inserted piece of DNA into the bacterium or cloning purposes, incompetent DNA technology.

Answer 553

Vector

Question 554

A genetic marker whose expression is easily observed; often included in recombinant DNA to indicate the presence of the recombinant DNA in a host cell

Answer 554

Reporter gene

Question 555

All of the clown, DNA fragments generated by the breakdown of genomic DNA into smaller segments

Answer 555

Genomic library

Question 556

DNA formed by reverse transcript acting with an RNA template; an essential intermediate in the reproduction of retrovirus; used as a tool in recombinant DNA technology; lacks introns

Answer 556

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

Question 557

An enzyme that catalyzes, the production of DNA (DNA), using RNA as a template; essential to the reproduction of retroviruses

Answer 557

Reverse transcriptase

Question 558

A collection of contemporary DNA derived from mRNA of a particular tissue at a particular time in the lifecycle of an organism

Answer 558

cDNA library

Question 559

Laboratory manipulation of RNA in which the RNA is first incubated with reverse transcript (RT) to make c DNA, and then the cDNA amplified for analysis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 559

RT – PCR

Question 560

A single stranded, RNA molecule, complementary to, and thus targeted against, and mRNA of interest to block its translation

Answer 560

Antisense RNA

Question 561

In some prokaryotes, clustered regularly interspace, short palindromic repeat sequences in DNA that are adjacent to sequences from invading viruses. When the two sequences are transcribed, the RNA binds a complementary RNA, that binds a nucleus, CAS9, that can Cleve and inactivate the genome of the invading virus. This mechanism can be adapted for inactivating and mutating any gene.

Answer 561

CRISPR

Question 562

Do use of living cells or organisms to produce materials, useful to humans

Answer 562

Biotechnology

Question 563

A DNA vector, such as a plasma, with a DNA sequence that allows for the expression of an inserted gene into mRNA, and a protein in a host cell

Answer 563

Expression vectors

Question 564

The use of genetically modified animals or plants to reduce medically useful products

Answer 564

Pharming

Question 565

The promoter DNA sequence is called

Answer 565

TATA box

Question 566

_____________ and ________________ are used to cut DNA into fragments and then splice them together in new combinations. ___________________ cleave DNA at palindromic recognition sequences (restriction sites).

Answer 566

Restriction enzymes; DNA ligase

Question 567

______________________ (e.g. E. coli, mice, fruit flies, etc.) are often used in the laboratory in an effort to understand the function of a particular gene. Transgenics can also be created to solve a particular problem (ie. disease) or to produce a pharmaceutical product.

Answer 567

Transgenic model organisms

Question 568

Human insulin (the majority of insulin on the market) is produced in transgenic

Answer 568

E. coli, yeast and now safflower plants.

Question 569

Vitamin A deficiency is extremely common in the developing world especially in areas plagued by famine. Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness, death, and poor outcomes during pregnancy. Rice plants does not naturally produce vitamin A but is a staple food crop for much of the world’s population. _________ has been genetically modified to produce a precursor of vitamin A in the endosperm using a gene from corn.

Answer 569

Golden Rice

Question 570

This modified salmon was originally engineered in 1989 but has recently received approval by the FDA to be commercially produced and sold. The Chinook Salmon has been modified with a gene from an eel-like fish called an Ocean Pout. This has created a fish that can reach market size in 16-18 months instead of 3 years.

Answer 570

AquAdvantage Salmon

Question 571

This system can be used in gene editing by supplying donor DNA that can replace mutated DNA. The Cas protein is supplied with a “guide RNA”. When it reaches a section of the genome that is complementary to this guide. It makes a cut. This cut is repaired by the cell’s own DNA repair mechanisms which replace the cut with a replacement DNA molecule.

Answer 571

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing System

Question 572

A chinese scientist, He Jiankui, has announced that he has edited the genomes of human embryos in the fall of 2018. These embryos were implanted and the children were born with no known side effects. Dr. Jiankui used the Crispr-Cas 9 genome editing system to modify a gene called CCR5. Variants in the CCR5 gene have been known to cause resistance to HIV. The scientific community responded with shock and outrage. Why?

Answer 572

First Children Born With Edited Genomes

Question 573

Covid-19 is an RNA virus (meaning its genome is entirely RNA). In order to detect Covid-19 a physician will take a swab and laboratory will perform an RNA extraction from the sample. A reverse transcriptase will be used to reverse transcribe any RNA in the sample to DNA. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) will be run with this DNA sample and short DNA fragments designed to be complementary to DNA sequence only found in Covid 19.

Answer 573

Covid-19 RT PCR Test