Everything Ever

Question 1

Philosophy

Answer 1

the academic discipline about discovering the fundamental truth of the world.

Question 2

truth-value

Answer 2

a truth or falsehood where “value” implies a scale between truth and falsehood.

Question 3

sentence-token

Answer 3

exists in space and time, a concrete object

Question 4

sentence-type

Answer 4

abstract objects like grammatical structures

Question 5

Law of Excluded Middle

Answer 5

Every proposition is either true or false

Question 6

Law of Non-contradiction

Answer 6

No proposition is both true and false

Question 7

modus ponens

Answer 7

If A then B.
A.
Therefore B.

Question 8

modus tollens

Answer 8

If A then B.
Not-A.
Therefore not-B.

Question 9

hypothetical syllogism

Answer 9

If A then B.
If B then C.
Therefore if A then C.

Question 10

disjunctive syllogism

Answer 10

A or B.
Not-A.
Therefore B.

Question 11

dilemma

Answer 11

A or B.
If A then C.
If B then D.
Therefore C or D.

Question 12

reductio ad absurdum

Answer 12

Prove: A
Assume opposite: Not-A
Argue: B
Show B is false.
Conclude: A must be true after all.

Question 13

argument

Answer 13

is made of sentence-types and tokens, propositions; a set of at least two propositions where one follows the other.

Question 14

validity

Answer 14

property of set of propositions (whether the propositions are true or false)

Question 15

determination

Answer 15

for any x and any y, given the way x is, y can be in one and only one way.

Question 16

determinism

Answer 16

idea that for any point in time there is only one possible future; “everything is determined and therefore there is no free will”.

Question 17

hard determinism

Answer 17

view that there is no freedom because determinism and incompatibilism is true; “nothing is free, therefore everything is determined”.

Question 18

compatibilism

Answer 18

view that being free and determined is consistent and both can exist together.

Question 19

incompatibilism

Answer 19

“free will cannot exist in a deterministic world”.

Question 20

hard incompatibilism

Answer 20

being free and determined can’t be; it doesn’t matter whether something is determined or not, nothing and no one is free.

Question 21

Problem of Luck

Answer 21

For every “choice” you make, there’s another you who chooses a different choice out of chance.

Question 22

causa sui

Answer 22

causes its self

Question 23

Guilt vs Shame

Answer 23

Guilt: internal, personal
Shame: external, what everyone thinks of you

Question 24

Consequence Argument

Answer 24

If everything is determined, then there is no control.
If there is no control, then there is no responsibility.
If everything is determined, there is no responsibility.

Question 25

Frankfurt-style Example

Answer 25

chooser faces a choice.

chooser doesn’t know, but when chooser chooses, intervener (may be God) actually controls what chooser is choosing.

Question 26

guidance control

Answer 26

no other options, thinking is determined because of the events that lead up to a choice

Question 27

regulative control

Answer 27

guidance control and the ability to do otherwise (have other options)

Question 28

causal determinism

Answer 28

something causes something else, has the possibilities and probabilities of causation

Question 29

retributive theory of punishment

Answer 29

punished as a consequence to make up for actions; assumes responsibility for actions

Question 30

deterrence theory of punishment

Answer 30

punished as an example to show other not to follow actions; to keep others from doing certain actions

Question 31

Basic Argument (Strawson)

Answer 31

1) I do what I do because that’s how I am
2) I am responsible for the way I am, therefore I am responsible for what I do
3) Must be responsible for the way I am by being able to control what influence me
4) Unable to control outside influences, therefore can’t be responsible for what I do

Question 32

Ultimate Moral Responsiblity

Answer 32

Being responsible for the outside influences that shape the way you are.

Question 33

Principle of Alternate Possibilities

Answer 33

that there exist other options so that in a moment of time where we choose, we had the option to choose something else

Question 34

semi-compatibilism

Answer 34

determinism and moral responsibility can exist together

Question 35

simple indeterminist libertarianism

Answer 35

every action either determined or undetermined, avoids the dilemma of determinism and rejects agent-causal libertarianism.

Question 36

agent-causal libertariansim

Answer 36

assumes that there is no freedom in the consequence argument and the problem of luck, and denies the dilemma of determinism; one event causes another event

Question 37

event

Answer 37

has a beginning and an ending at different points in time.

Question 38

substance

Answer 38

can exist on its own, independently

Question 39

event-caused/indeterministic libertarianism

Answer 39

event not determined by an agent; it is a compromise between agent-caused and simple indeterministic libertarianism.

Question 40

self-forming actions

Answer 40

undetermined; a moment when one experience indecision and conflicting wills

Question 41

voluntary actions (Aristotle)

Answer 41

action done by me in which I know and understand the circumstances of the act