everything idk Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
s’clav lymph nodes treated at what depth
A
3 cm
2
Q
temporary epilation begins at what dose
A
2000 cGy
3
Q
most common dose limiting toxicity for chemo drugs
A
myelosuppression
4
Q
100-1000 cGy causes symptoms for which syndrome
A
hematopoietic
5
Q
shock caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia, or administration of contrast is
A
vasogenic
6
Q
1000-5000 cGy would result in what syndrome
A
GI
7
Q
what cells are most radiosensitive
A
basal
8
Q
areas where the dose equivalent exposure is 0.1 rem/week are classified as
A
uncontrolled areas
9
Q
symptoms of unilateral hearing loss and an enlarged cervical lymph node have what diagnosis
A
nasopharyngeal
10
Q
quality factor for xrays
A
1
11
Q
once a woman is pregnant, she has limited radiation exposure to the embryo or fetus to
A
0.5 rem
12
Q
what is the most radiosensitive stage of gestation
A
preimplantation
13
Q
is radiolucent dark or bright on radiographs
A
dark
14
Q
IMRT xray output consistency should be checked on a(n) _____ basis
A
daily
15
Q
does NRC or NCRP regulate use of radioactive materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety
A
NRC
16
Q
temporary azoospermia vs permanent azoospermia
A
temporary: <500 cGy
permanent: >500 cGy
16
Q
does NRC or NCRP establish suggested dose limits for safe practices in the US
A
NCRP
17
Q
most common type of bladder cancer
A
transitional cell
18
Q
PCI is used for what primary diagnosis
A
small cell carcinoma
19
Q
at what does will the spinal cord suffer myelopathy
A
4500 cGy +
20
Q
wilm’s tumor originates in the
A
kidneys
21
Q
neuroblastoma originates in the
A
sympathetic nervous system
22
Q
billing for tangent breast
A
complex
23
Q
in the H/N, what has the least nodal involvement
A
glottis
24
at what dose does neutron contamination occur
10 MV
25
what is the main site of breast lymph drainage
axillary
26
what is the chemo for non hodgkins
CHOP
27
what chemical prevents arcing in the waveguide
sulfur hexafluoride
28
difference between level 1 and level 2 axillary lymph nodes
level 1: under inf portion and lateral to pectoralis minor
level 2: under pectoralis muscle
29
base of tongue first spreads to what lymph node
jugulodigastric
30
what are MLC leaves made of
tungsten
31
what is the process posterior to the earlobe that can be used to mark the inf border of the whole brain field
mastoid
32
the prostate can be located by what body part
neck of femur
33
where is the most common site for heterotopic bone formation
acetabulum
34
what is the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum called
sternal angle
35
what vertebral body is the SSN
T2
36
what vertebral body is tip X
T10
37
what vertebral level is the cricoid
C6
38
what vertebral level is the hyoid
C3
39
what dose does erythema occur at
2000-3000 cGy
40
what dose does faint erythema occur at
1000-2000 cGy
41
what dose does dry desquamation occur at
3000-4000 cGy
42
what dose does moist desquamation occur at
4000 cGy
43
what vertebral level is the angle of Louis (sternal angle)
T4
44
highly reactive species with an unpaired valence or outer shell electron
free radicle
45
radiation exposure during the gestational period of ______ days affects the nervous system
23 -37 days
46
interaction that is true absorption
photoelectric effect
47
primary lymphatic drainage of testicle
periaortic
48
what trimester in pregnancy can you get chemo
third
49
1 rem is ____ Sv
0.01
50
legal term that describes the actions of a therapist that would be used by another therapist in similar circumstances is
standard of care
51
myelopathy occurs at what dose for conventional fractionation
50 Gy
52
center number of a range of CT numbers displayed in an image
window level
52
indirect action of radiation is the result of the ionization of ________ surrounding the cell
water
53
effective dose equivalent limit for occupational exposure in a year in rem and mSv
5 rem/year
50 mSv/year
54
maximum exposure of radiation in a year in mrem and mSv for general public/population
1 mSv/year
100 mrem/year
55
what cancer is chemo concurrently administered with RT
lung
56
imaging size of CT scanner is most dependent on
SFOV
57
what angles the beam within the head of the gantry
bending magnet
58
cataracts occur at
total dose: 1000 cGy
single dose: 200 cGy
59
a cancerous tumor of the glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
60
what 2 lymph node routes does ovarian cancer spread most often
para-aortic and pelvic
61
electron beam energy is reduced by _____ MeV per cm in unit density tissue
2 MeV per cm
62
with a 12 MeV beam at a depth of 2 cm, what is the electron energy reduced to
8 MeV
63
what converts light to an electrical signal
photodiode assembly
64
match: voxel and pixel to 3D and 2D
voxel: 3D
pixel: 2D
65
organ at greast risk when treating para aortics
kidney
66
what is used to drain the intrapleural space and mediastinum
thoracotomy tube
67
where does esophageal cancer distantly metastasize (5)
liver, lung, bone, adrenal glands, brain
68
what is TAR independent of
distance
69
contradictions to iodine based IV contrast (7)
pregnancy***
hypertension
poor kidney function
creatinine > 1.4 mg/dL ***
old people
diabetes
multiple myeloma
70
is IMRT inverse or forward planning
inverse
70
field instrument used to detect x-radiation, gamma radiation, and beta radiation in real time
Geiger-Muller
71
codes used for billing professional and technical aspects of care are
current procedural terminology codes
72
what are common routes of distant mets for ALL (4)
liver
spleen
CNS
testicles
73
SI unit of absorbed dose
Grey
74
exterior assembly of a chest tube must always remain...
below patient's chest
75
what are 3 dose limiting factors for cisplatin and carboplatin
myelosuppression
nephrotoxicity
vomiting
76
what vertebral body is adjacent to the base of the heart
T4
77
electron and photon output tolerances (daily and monthly)
monthly: 2%
daily: 3%
78
what is the primary element in cerrobend
bismuth
79
tolerance and frequency for gantry & collimator angles
monthly
1 degree
80
normal BUN level for an adult
7-20 mg/ul
81
the cricoid is the inferior border of the...
larynx
82
the ________ dose is the total dose that will significantly increase the probability of severe normal tissue reactions
tolerance
83
what determines exposure rates from patients with therapeutic doses of radioactive materials
cutie pie
84
surgical technique used in testicular cancer patients
radical orchiectomy
85
the sum of all weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues or organs is defined as ______ dose.
effective
86
respiratory gating is used when tumor motion varies by
> 5 mm
87
what is kinesics
nonverbal communication including body movement and facial expressions
88
what is used to check light field and radiation field agreement (2)
solid water
ready pack film
89
total dose equivalent limit for an embryo/fetus
5 mSv
90
lymphatic drainage from kidney
para-aortic
91
what blood study will be analyzed if myelosuppression is an issue
WBC
92
the most radiosensitive cell during female germ development
oocyte
93
radioactive sources must be physically inspected every
6 months
94
maximum FS in LINAC
40x40
95
veracity
the duty to tell the truth and avoid deception
96
inguinal nodes drain to the
vulva, uterus, ovaries, and vagina
97
what dosimeter is not affected by heat, moisture or pressure
OSL
98
what lymph nodes in the H/N are most likely to be affected by mets
cervical
99
radiation dose to prostate post op
65-70 GY @ 200 cGy/fx
100
in wilms tumor, why would the field extend to the other side
to allow for symmetrical growth in spine
101
difference between assault and slander
Falsely stating that a patient has HIV is an example of - slander
102
what travels further droplet particles or airborne particles
airborne
103
PPE put on first
gown
104
PPE put on last
gloves
105
PPE taken off first
gloves
106
PPE removed last
mask
107
contrast used for GI
barium sulfate
108
contrast used in MRI
gadolinium
109
contrast used in CT for blood vessels
iodinated contrast
110
the SI unit of dose equivalent
Sv
111
most efficient way to increase protection from radiation
distance
112
power source for the waveguide
modulator
113
amplifies microwaves
klystron
114
T/F: frequency and wavelength are
inversely proportional
true
115
what has the highest quality factor
alpha particles
116
OER in human cells
2.5-3
117
point on dose response relationship graph that represents cells capability to repair
Dq
118
point on a dose response relationship graph that shows the cells radiosensitivity
Do
119
unit that expresses amount of radiation absorbed by a person
Sv
120
radiation instrument used to check linac's beam output daily
diode
121
radiation instrument used to calibrate ion chambers in a linac
thimble chambers
122
elements with z numbers higher than ____ are more radiosensitive
92
123
what source uses a nylon ribbon with an afterloader
iridium
124
what type of radiation dose is typically monitored using personnel dosimeters
equivalent dose
125
which of the 4 R's is the most unfavorable for malignant tumors
repopulation
126
Which of the following pathology types of testicular cancers is the most radio resistant?
nonseminoma
127
Which of the following leukemia types is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
CML
128
Which of the following leukemia types is NOT treated with BMT?
CLL
129
Which type of chemotherapy is a radioprotector?
amifostine
130
Which is an effect observed by a doctor? sign or symptom
sign
131
What is the normal range for white blood cells?
3,900-10,800/mm3
132
What is the normal range for red blood cells?
3.90-5.40 million/mm3
133
What is the normal range for hemoglobin?
12.0-16.0 g/dL
134
What is the normal range for platelets?
150,000-425,000/mm3
135
SRS typically treats tumors sizes smaller than:
3 cm
136
When the planner chooses the direction, number, size and shape of the beam and then the computer calculates isodose lines, this is called:
forward planning
137
When the planner chooses the tolerance dose and then the computer generates a plan based off of these parameters, this is called:
inverse planning
138
____ contrast media would appear dark on a radiographic image.
negative
139
___ contrast media would appear bright on a radiographic image.
positive
140
Name the tumor volume that encompasses the palpable tumor:
GTV
141
Name the tumor volume that encompasses a margin for breathing:
ITV
142
Name the tumor volume that encompasses a margin around the palpable tumor to include microscopic disease
CTV
143
Where is the physical field size defined?
50% isodose line
143
What % of transmission is permitted through the collimating jaws?
0.5%
144
Which electron isodose line is considered the useful range of electrons?
50%
145
Which electron isodose line is considered the therapeutic range of electrons?
90%
146
what is TAR independent of
SSD
147
Dose compensators have been replaced by:
IMRT
148
The SI unit Becquerel matches which conventional unit?
curie
149
equations in rem and mSv to calculate cumulative exposure
1 rem x age
10 mSv x age
150
interaction between a photon and nucleus
pair production
151
flattening filters...
decrease beam intensity along the CA
152
A ring badge worn by a physicist handling radioactive sources is a type of:
TLD
153
What is the maximum dose permitted to the lens of the eye to someone who does NOT work in radiation oncology or radiology?
1.5 rem
154
What is the maximum annual dose permitted to the hands of a physicist who handles radioactive materials?
500 mSv
155
common sites for lung mets (6)
liver, brain, bones, bone marrow, adrenal glands, and/or kidneys.
156
The ethical principle that follows the principle to do no harm is:
beneficience
157
The Mayneord's F factor is a correction for which of the following:
distance
158
The most common location for distant metastasis of sarcomas is to:
lung
159
To find the therapeutic range of electrons, divide the energy by:
4
160
therapeutic ratio formula
normal tissue tolerance/lethal tumor dose
161
how do you avoid beam overlap for 3 or 4 field breast treatments
half-beam block and monoisocentric technique
OR
dual isocenters and couch rotations
OR
half beam block and couch rotations
162
The depth of dose equilibrium is most dependent on:
beam energy
163
Which type of photon interaction is most likely to occur during kV imaging?
photoelectric effect
164
Which side effect is MOST likely to occur after partial brain treatments of 6000 cGy?
epilation
165
Which of the following lung cancer pathologies has a higher incidence of metastatic spread?
small cell
166
After what dose to the head and neck should the treatment plan be altered to go "off cord"?
4500 cGy
167
What is the material that is used for OSLs?
aluminum oxide
168
Which type of radiation travels the furthers through matter?
xrays
169
Which isodose curve is used to define the physical radiation field for a 15 MV beam?
50%
170
The x-ray interaction in which the photon's energy is completely absorbed is:
photoelectric
171
is physician's objective a sign or symptom
sign
172
To preserve the skin sparing properties of the MV photon beams, the compensator must be placed at least ____ from the skin.
15-20 cm
173
Backscatter has a direct relationship with:
field size
174
The ratio of a dose at a given point within a phantom compared to the dose at the same point in free space is called:
TAR
175
If a partial arc is utilized for a treatment & the tumor is located 8 cm below the skin surface, where should the beam be aimed?
distal to the tumor
176
Lymph drainage from the skin of the scrotum is likely to:
inguinal and iliac nodes
177
The useful range in tissue of a 10 MeV electron beam is:
5 cm
178
A wedge with a transmission factor of 0.91 means that ______ is attenuated by the beam.
9%
179
When calculating for shielding for the linear area control room, which is directly monitored by the radiation safety officer, it should be limited to an exposure of:
1 mSv/week
180
5 cm of lead is equivalent to _____ of cerrobend
6 cm
181
CT images are initially acquired in which plane?
axial
182
The most common location for hematogenous spread of the pancreas is:
liver
183
The photon interaction with an outer shell electron that does not affect the photon's energy is:
coherent scattering
184
The machine that operates at an energy range of 150-500 kV is known as:
ortho
185
Which type of radiation penetrates the LEAST in human tissue?
alpha particles
186
beta particles have a QF of
1
187
what organ is not involved in the Whipple procedure
liver
188
Aside from collimating jaws, scatter also occurs with:
flattening filter
189
What is the dmax for a 9 MeV beam?
2.2 cm
190
A photon strikes an object and scattered radiation occurs. This is due to:
compton effects
190
The main purpose of a beam spoiler in a photon beam is to:
increase the build up region
191
Stochastic effects are also called:
probabilistic effect
192
The prescription for a patient's radiation therapy treatment includes all of the following EXCEPT:
MUs
193
vertebral level of pancreas
L1
194
a medical event is when the total dose delivered is at least ___ different from the prescription
20%
195
what cancer can spread via skip metastasis
esophagus
196
Which of the following radiation measurements takes into account the quality factor?
Sv
197
Tumors within the vagina are MOST likely to spread to which lymph nodes?
inguinal
198
The energy range of a superficial therapy unit is:
50-150 kV
199
3/3 esophagus
5500 cGy
200
3/3 stomach
5000 cGy
201
3/3 small intestine
4000 cGy
202
3/3 colon
4500 cGy
203
3/3 rectum
6000 cGy
204
3/3 bladder
6500 cGy
205
3/3 femoral head
5200 cGy
206
3/3 TMJ
5200 cGy
207
3/3 rib cage
5000 cGy
208
3/3 spinal cord
4700 cGy
209
cauda equine
6000 cGy
210
brachial plexus
6000 cGy
211
3/3 brain stem
5000 cGy
212
3/3 optic nerve
5000 cGy
213
3/3 optic chiasma
5000 cGy
214
3/3 eye lens
1000 cGy
215
3/3 eye retina
4500 cGy
216
3/3 larynx necrosis
7000 cGy
217
3/3 larynx edema
4500 cGy
218
3/3 parotid
3200 cGy
219
3/3 lung
1750 cGy
220
3/3 heart
4000 cGy
221
3/3 liver
3000 cGy
222
3/3 skin
5500 cGy
223
3/3 ear
3000 cGy
224
dose at permanent epilation
4500 cGy
225
dose at temporary and permanent mouth changes (stomatitis, xerostomia...)
temporary: 2000-3000 cGy
permanent: 4000-5000 cGy
226
what dose does pharyngitis occur at
2000-3000 cGy
227
what dose does laryngitis occur at
4000 cGy
228
what dose does esophagitis occur at
2000-3000 cGy
229
what dose does nausea/vomiting occur at
1000-2000 cGy
230
what dose does diarrhea/colic occur at
2000-5000 cGy
231
what dose does cystitis occur at
3000-4000 cGy
232
what dose does temporary and permanent sterility of testes occur at
temporary: <500 cGy
permanent: >500 cGy
233
what dose does bone and soft tissue necrosis occur at
6000 cGy
