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CPH > Evidence -Based Approaches to Public Health: Concepts of Epidemiology > Flashcards

Evidence -Based Approaches to Public Health: Concepts of Epidemiology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Ratio

A

Dividing one number by another, but the numerator does NOT need to be a subset of the denominator. 2 different quantities

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2
Q

Proportion

A

Dividing one number by another, but the numerator DOES need to be a subset of the denominator

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3
Q

Rate

A

Dividing one number by another but adding a time component in the denominator

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4
Q

Incidence

A

Measure of the number of new cases of a disease

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5
Q

Cumulative Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease in a period of time

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6
Q

Incidence Rate

A

Number of new cases of the disease during person-time of observation

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7
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of existing cases of a disease during a given time period. May include new cases as well

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8
Q

Point Prevalence

A

The proportion of the population that is diseased at a single point in time

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9
Q

Period Prevalence

A

The proportion of the population that is diseased during a specific duration of time

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10
Q

Endemic

A

A situation in a community in which there is a consistent elevated rate of a certain disease

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11
Q

Epidemic

A

An increase in the number of cases in a community, above what is expected

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12
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic

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13
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

Generally observational (no hypothesis testing)
- case reports
- case series
- cross-sectional

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14
Q

Analytical Studies

A

Interventional (experimental) and observational (hypothesis testing)
- Experimental
- RCT
- Non-Randomized Control Trial
- Observational
- Cohort
- Case-Control
- Cross-Sectional

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15
Q

Case Studies/Case Reports

A

Studies are used to alert people of a new illness or new association with illness. Reports of only people with the condition of interest.

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16
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

Studies that include people who are representative of a given population. Not selected based on illness or exposure and can be used to determine initial association and identify the prevalence of either exposure or illness in a group.

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17
Q

Ecological Studies

A

Studies that are used to describe populations. Not analyzed on an individual level.

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18
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

Group level data are used to report on individuals

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19
Q

Case-Control Studies

A

Studies select people with or without disease and then proceed to look back over time to see if people had different rates of exposure. Good for rare diseases with long latency periods

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20
Q

Latency Period

A

Diseases that take a long time to develop

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21
Q

Cohort Studies

A

Studies that selected people on the basis of exposure and determine if people develop the disease at different rates. Good for rare exposures and may follow individuals into prospective or retrospective. Incidence can be calculated from this type of study. Prevalence cases are excluded

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22
Q

Prospective

A

Into the future

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23
Q

Retrospective

A

Looking back in time

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24
Q

Prevalence Cases

A

People who have the disease at the time point when the study period begins

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25
Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Tests an intervention that is given by the researcher by 2 or more groups. People are randomly assigned into groups through randomization with one given the active item and the other group the usual treatment or a placebo. The researcher follows them over time and compares outcomes. Participants do not know which group they are in.
26
Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Pool the results of multiple independent studies with established criteria to identify the evidence for associations
27
Relative Risk
Measure of the magnitude of an association between an exposure and a disease that is used in cohort studies. Ratio of the risk (incidence) of disease exposed to the risk in the nonexposed
28
Odds Ratio
Calculated in case-control studies or cross-sectional studies. Odds of exposure among cases divided by odds of exposure among controls, which equals the odds of disease among the exposed divided by the odds of disease among the nonexposed.
29
RR or OR = 1
No association between exposure and outcome
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RR or OR > 1
Exposure increases the risk of the outcome
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RR or OR < 1
Exposure decreases the risk of the outcome
32
Bias
A systematic error as compared to an error attributable to chance alone
33
Selection Bias
Results from procedures used to select participants for a study. Occurs in a case-control or retrospective cohort study. This may also happen in a prospective cohort study and experimental studies
34
Observation Bias
Arises from systematic differences in the way information on exposure or disease is obtained from the study groups
35
Recall Bias
Inaccurate reporting of past events
36
Interviewer Bias
Effects of the interviewer's body language, voice, or demeanor on the response
37
Misclassification Errror
Participants were classified into the wrong population. - Differential (bias different between groups) - Non differential (bias is equal across groups)
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Confounding
A third variable distorts the findings and is associated with both the exposure and outcome. Distorts the true association
39
Effect Modification
The magnitude of the association between an exposure and outcome varies by the presence or level of a third variable. Clarifies the association
40
Stratification
Divides the data according to the levels of the variable and allows the calculation of a measure of association for each strata
41
Crude
Overall
42
Koch's Postulates
1. Microorganisms must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms. 2. It should be possible to isolate the causative microorganism from a diseased organism and grow it in pure culture. 3. The organism from pure culture should be able to cause disease when inoculated into a healthy host organism. 4. The microorganism should then be able to be isolated from the new host and grown in pure culture. Helped identify causation
43
Hills Nine Criteria of Causality (1965)
1. Analogy 2. Coherence 3. Reversibility 4. Specificity 5. Plausibility 6. Strength of the Association 7. Consistency 8. Biological Gradient 9. Temporality
44
Primordial Prevention
The earliest stage of prevention. Preventing risk factors of disease by targeting lifestyles, behaviors, and exposure patterns at the aggregate level instead of the individual level in order to decrease the risk of disease
45
Primary Prevention
Concerned with preventing disease. Takes place before biological onset of disease
46
Secondary Prevention
Prevention is addressed by most screening programs. Occurs in the preclinical phase after the disease is present but before symptoms appear.
47
Tertiary Prevention
Focused on rehabilitation and support. The disease has occurred, and the goal is to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms.
48
Feasibility
How likely the target audience is to participate in a recommended program
49
Reliability
Repeatability
50
Validity
The ability of a test to accurately identify diseased and nondiseased individuals
51
Sensitivity
The ability of a test to correctly identify the number of people WITH the disease
52
True Positives
Individuals who have the disease and test positive for the disease
53
False Negatives
Individuals who have the disease and test negative for the disease
54
Specificity
The ability of a test to correctly identify the number of people WITHOUT the disease
55
True Negatives
Individuals who do truly do not have the disease and test negative
56
False Positives
Individuals who do truly do not have the disease and test positive
57
Positive Predictive Value
Number of people who test positive who actually have the disease divided by the number of positive tests
58
Negative Predictive Value
Number of people who test negative for disease and do not have the disease divided by the number of people who tested negative
59
Gold Standard
A definite diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or another method
60
Cutoff Value too Low
Sensitivity is high and specificity is low
61
Cutoff Value too High
Sensitivity is low and specificity is high
62
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve
Used to set the cutoff value of a continuous value test
63
Lead Time Bias
Overestimation of survival duration attributable to earlier detection by screening than by clinical presentation
64
Length Bias
Screening is more likely to detect cases that are progressing slowly compared with those with rapid progression of diseases, that manifest clinically. Overestimation of survival
65
Statistical Signifance
Whether the calculated estimate is likely to be observed assuming the null hypothesis is true
66
Practical/Clinical Significance
Subjective Assessment of whether the effect estimated in a test is "important" or "meaningful". Not summarized in a specific measure. Based on researchers knowledge of the environment and judgement as to whether the estimated effect is meaningful
67
Social Determinants of Health
Factors in a social environment that contribute to or detract from the health of individuals and communities. Ex. socioeconomic status, transportation, housing, access to services, discrimination by social grouping, and social or environmental stressors.
68
Surveillance
Systematic ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. Ex. diseases, birth and death certificates, disease registries
69
Active Surveillance
The research team goes out into the community and looks for cases of the disease. Accurate but expensive
70
Passive Surveillance
Relies on existing reporting systems
71
Digital Surveillance
Refers to web crawling to identify reports of disease.
72
Sentinel Surveillance
Monitors a special community to look for changes in the distribution of disease. Conducted in a small location.

CPH (2 decks)

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