Evidence: Everyday Life

Question 1

Ornate Frescos

Baths

Answer 1

Significance of baths and their use as a social realm

Question 2

Gender Separation

Baths

Answer 2

Separation of men and women in the baths indicate a social division

Question 3

Frigidarium

Baths: Types of Baths

Answer 3

A cold bath.

• Demonstrates a knowdlege of health benefits

Question 4

Tepidarium

Baths: Types of Baths

Answer 4

A warm bath

Question 5

Calidarium

Baths: Types of Baths

Answer 5

A hot bath

Question 6

The Stabian Baths

Baths: Evidence

Answer 6

The variety of baths in the Stabian Baths of Pompeii show its popularity.

Question 7

The Central Thermae

Baths: Evidence

Answer 7

A bathing location in Herculaneum.

• Female area is significantly smaller and less elaborate than the men’s
• No frigidarium

Question 8

Popular Activities

Leisure Activities

Answer 8

• Entertainment (gladitorial games, theatre, pantomimes etc.)
• Prostitution
• Gambling
• Drinking
• Visiting baths
• Playing sport/music
• Painting

Question 9

The Lupanar

Leisure Activities: Evidence

Answer 9

A brothel in Pompeii.

Considered a social hub based on graffiti that included sports tournaments, advertisements and propaganda, as well as prostitution.

Question 10

Pompeiian Amphitheatre

Leisure Activities: Evidence

Answer 10

• Could fit up to 20,000 people
• Location of gladiator fights, pantomimes etc.
• Centre of Pompeiian entertainment

Question 11

Palaestra

Leisure Activities: Evidence

Answer 11

Sports field in Herculaneum.

Gladiators often trained here, evidenced by the helmets, tools and weapons found on site.

Question 12

Men’s Baths (Thermae)

Leisure Activities: Evidence

Answer 12

Bath house in Herculaneum.

Divided into four sections for men and women, including changing rooms and wall cracks to store clothing. It included frigidariums, tepidariums and calidariums.

Question 13

Fishbones in Macellum

Food and Dining: Evidence

Answer 13

Macellum - provisional market in Pompeii

Indicates that seafood was sold and consumed to the point of being a staple of diet in Pompeii.

Question 14

Fresco of Political Candidate Distributing Bread

Food and Dining: Evidence

Answer 14

• Pompeii (idk where but less to remember!)
• Use of food as a political strategy
• Reveals that bread must have been an important part of the diet
• Supported by carbonised bread remains

Question 15

Dolia in House of Neptune and Amphitrite

Food and Dining: Evidence

Answer 15

House of Neptune and Amphitrite is in Herculaneum.

Dolia for the storage of olive oil was found in the shop annexe, indicating the use of olive oil for cooking.

Question 16

Thermapolium of Asselina

Food and Dining: Evidence

Answer 16

Thermapolia (serve ready-made food) in Herculaneum.

Indicates that it was common for individuals to eat out.

Question 17

Statue of Eumachia

Clothing: Evidence

Answer 17

Pompeii

Eumachia - wealthy freedwoman, business woman and priestess

Palla - a type of cloak worn by women when outdoors; a woven rectangle fastened by brooches, meant to cover the woman from head to toe (yay modesty!)

Question 18

Painting from the Lararium of the House of the Vettii

Clothing: Evidence

Answer 18

Pompeii

Magistrates - government officials of high rank

Toga praetexta - a white toga with a purple border, easily recognisable as a symbol of status

Question 19

Bronze Statue form the Villa of the Papyri

Clothing: Evidence

Answer 19

Herculaneum

Unnamed woman

Stola - a long, pleated, sleeveless robe that could be worn by Roman wives to symbolise their modesty in marriage; also worn by priestesses

Question 20

Statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus

Clothing: Evidence

Answer 20

Herculaneum

Balby - a member of the senatorial elite and an influencial political figure

Knee-length tunic with a belt, identifying him as a working man despite his status.

Question 21

Surgical Tools from the House of the Surgeon

Health: Evidence

Answer 21

• Only evidence of medical practice in Pompeii
• Over forty instruments (bronze or steel)
• Similarity to modern tools reveal the advancement of the health industry

Question 22

Fresco from the House of Siricus

Health: Evidence

Answer 22

Pompeii

• Shows a surgery occurring on the leg of the Greek hero Aeneas
• Shows that even painful surgeries were operated on conscious patients

Question 23

River Sarno

Water Supply

Answer 23

Pompeii’s main source of water.

1. Serinum aqueduct brought water into the city
2. Stored in the castellum aquae (water tank), near the Vesuvian Gate
3. Siphoned into three main pipes to feed into latrines, baths and public fountains

Bold can be used as sources!

Question 24

Bath Tap

Water Supply: Evidence

Answer 24

Pompeii

The intricate taps may have been found on the baths at the villas of the wealthy elite.

Question 25

Water Fountain | Water Supply: Evidence

Answer 25

**Herculaneum** Three water fountains have been excavated in the city, one of which is carved with a gargoyle head.

Question 26

Waste in Pompeii | Sanitation

Answer 26

Sewage system was...inadequate. Waste flushed out onto the streets, hence stepping stones and high paths.

Question 27

Waste in Herculaneum | Sanitation

Answer 27

Complex underground sewage system resulted in superior hygiene and cleanliness.

Question 28

Latrines | Sanitation

Answer 28

It's a toilet. Flowing water moved the waste along so no flush-flush.

Question 29

Private Latrine | Sanitation: Evidence

Answer 29

**Pompeii** * Would have been found in luxury villas

Question 30

Stepping Stones | Sanitation: Evidence

Answer 30

**Pompeii** Tall steping stones allowed people to cross the road without stepping in flowing waste 🤮

Question 31

Public Latrine | Sanitation: Evidence

Answer 31

**Herculaneum**'s communal latrines consisted of consecutive holes in a stone bench. Public latrines commonly had no cubicles and could accomodate up to 20 people at a time.

Question 32

Domus/Atrium house | Housing

Answer 32

- Earliest type of homes - Had a hortus (back garden) instead of a peristyle - E.g. House of Sallust in Pompeii

Question 33

Peristyle House | Housing

Answer 33

- Peristyle is 4-sided colonnade surrounding an inner courtyard - Introduction of peristyle reflected Greek influence and a changing focus on the atrium as a formal reception area - Tablinum was as the meetng area and the peristyle garden was the main domestic area

Question 34

Entry to houses | Housing

Answer 34

- Fauces (neck) is a narrow entryway that opens into the Atrium | Fauces funnel

Question 35

Parts of an atrium | Housing

Answer 35

- Atrium is the first room of the house, led into by the fauces - Each atrium has a hole in the roof called a **compluvium** - Rainwater that fell through the compluvium collected in the impluvium, a pool Rooms off the atrium: - Tablinum (reception room in houses with a peristyle garden) - Cubicula or bedrooms

Question 36

Impluvium features | Housing

Answer 36

- A shallow pool in the centre of the atrium, beneath the compluvium - Water drained from the impluvium into a cistern beneath it. From this, it could be drawn using a well - Some had mosaic floors. In the House of the Faun, the impluvium had a Faun statue in the middle of it

Question 37

Tablinum | Housing

Answer 37

- A reception room located off the atrium

Question 38

Lararium | Housing

Answer 38

- Sacred household shrine located in the atrium - Can be found in the houses of the wealthy, e.g. House of the Centenary of Julius Polybius

Question 39

Staircases | Housing

Answer 39

- House of the Beautiful Courtyard in Herculaneum had an atria which was replaced with a courtyard and staircase leading to the upper floor

Question 40

Culina | Housing

Answer 40

- Kitchen - Consisted of a hearth for cooking and a sink with a drain pipe that fed into the drain of the adjoining latrine - E.g. House of the Vettii: original bronze pots and pans can be seen in the kitchen

Question 41

Triclinium | Housing

Answer 41

- Dining room - E.g. House of Julia Felix had stone benches - Larger houses had 2 triclinia: summer and winter - Summer triclinia was outside and refreshed by fountains