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Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What is Homology?

A

shared traits in closely related species. They are similar because they are related.

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2
Q

What are the three types of Homology?

A

Structural, developmental and Genetic Homology!

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3
Q

What is Structural Homology

A

Physical traits such as arms and legs of animals.

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4
Q

What is Developmental Homology?

A

Internal development such as intestines

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5
Q

What is Genetic Homology?

A

the DNA or genetic material of an organism

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6
Q

What is Analogy?

A

Similarities due to Convergent Evolution

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7
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

When two different species have similar characteristics because of the environment they live in. Ex. A bird and a bat both have wings, but they are not related.

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8
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Populations that can’t interbreed. (the ability to produce viable offspring defines a species)

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9
Q

What are 3 problems with the Biological Species Concept?

A

1) Can’t tell from fossils if individuals can mate. der.
2) Asexual species don’t mate: If 2 different species don’t mate, there is speciation.
3) Some populations don’t overlap geographically.

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10
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Finding populations of individuals that LOOK different. “Either having morphological similarities or differences.” Figuring out diff. species by looking at physical traits. NOT DNA or mating.

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11
Q

What is a problem with the Morphological Species Concept?

A

Arbitrary: what traits/morphologies are important because there can be very subtle differences! Ex. A round eyed bat could still interbreed with a almond eyed bat from the same species.

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12
Q

What is Phylogenetic Species Concept?

A

a species that is the smallest monophyletic group in a phylogenetic group in a phylogenetic tree. Ex. looking at and comparing GENES.

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13
Q

What is a Monophyletic Group?

A

An ancestral population of all of it descendants. Looking at just one trait. Monophyletic groups make up the phylogenetic species concepts.

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14
Q

What is a problem with the Monophyletic Group?

A

It is expensive, time consuming and there is not a lot of data.

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15
Q

Ring Species

A

Is the hybridization that occurs between each neighboring species. But where the ring ends, those two species have changed so much there is now speciation. Q: Where do you draw the line?

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16
Q

What are 3 Mechanisms for Speciation?

A

1) Reproductive Isolation
2) Allopatric Speciation
3) Sympatric Speciation

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17
Q

What is Reproductive Isolation?

A

Any barrier that prevents interbreeding, such as Geographic, behavioral or resource use.

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18
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation?

A

Dispersal of speciation after species are isolated from one another= Geographical

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19
Q

What is Sympatric Speciation?

A

Physically the two same species of birds could reproduce but don’t because the female bird doesn’t like the song of the male bird! = Behavioral/ Resource use speciation.

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20
Q

What is Vicariance?

A

The things that get in the way of interbreeding= Canyons or high ways

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21
Q

What is another way to explain Dispersal vs. Vicariance?

A

Migration vs. Geographical boundary. Such as a mountain or high way.

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22
Q

What is the definition of Ecology?

A

The scientific STUDY of the INTERACTIONS that DETERMINE the DISTRIBUTION and ABUNDANCE of organisms.

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23
Q

What is the Hierarchy of biology and ecology?

A

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organisms, population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Global!!!

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24
Q

What are the 5 types of Ecology?

A
  1. Organismal Ecology
  2. Population Ecology
  3. Community Ecology
  4. Ecosystem Ecology
  5. Global Ecology
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25
What is Organismal Ecology?
Study of the adaptions that allow an organism to survive in an environment; Morphological, physiological and behavioral.
26
What is Population Ecology?
Seeing why populations increase or decrease and trying to figure out why (within a species)
27
What is Community Ecology?
The interaction of different species in the same place.
28
What is Ecosystem Ecology?
Figuring out how nutrients and energy (abiotic factors) move between organisms and their environment.
29
What are Abiotic Factors?
Anything that isn't living- weather, rivers etc.
30
What are Biotic Factors?
Living things- how predators affect their prey etc..
31
What is Global Ecology?
Is when organisms and the environment interact on a global level. Ex. Migratory Birds
32
What does Biotic vs. Abiotic mean?
Living vs. Nonliving
33
Some Environmental Factors such as Climate affects what 2 things at different latitudes?
Temperature and Moisture
34
Hadley Cell Scenario: 6 Things
1. Warm Air Rises 2. Warm Air holds more moisture than cold 3. As Air cools, it drops moisture 4. Cold Air is forced out by rising warm Air 5. Cold dry Air SINKS 6. Dry Air spreads over surface, sucks up moisture and warms
35
What are Seasons caused by?
The TILT of the Earth! So the smaller angle between the earth and the sun is a shorter day!
36
What are 2 Regional Effects?
Rain Shadows and Bodies of Water
37
What are Rain Shadows?
These exist because warm moist air rises, this air has to go up really high over a mountain, but because it gets realllly cold the higher up, the clouds will either release snow or rain, so the other side of that mt. won't recive any rain!
38
What is the significance of Bodies of Water?
They keep the temperature of the earth stable
39
What are Biomes?
Ecosystems defined by CLIMATE and SPECIES
40
What is the Tropical Rain forest like?
Where the equator is, and it's hot and wet.
41
Subtropical Dry Forests
DESERT
42
Temperate Grassland
MIDWEST is BEST! Moderate Temp and low moisture. It varies in weather
43
Temperate Forest
Moderate Temperature and more moisture
44
Boreal Forest
Taiga; low temp. and low moisture
45
Tundra
very low temp and moisture
46
Aquatic Ecosystems: Marine x3
Intertidal Zone Neritic Zone Oceanic Zone
47
What is the intertidal Zone
the place where the tide washes, waves crash
48
What is the Neritic Zone?
it is always covered with water. A coral riff, like where finding nemo lives!
49
Oceanic Zone
The deepest of Waters! "touch the butt"
50
Photic Zone
where photosynthesis can reach- anything above 200 meters
51
Aphotic Zone
where no sunlight can reach -anything below 200 meters
52
Benthic Zone
Absolute lowest point on the ocean floor
53
Littoral
where sun light can still shine all the way to the bottom of lake, often the shore area
54
Limnetic Zones
Layer of open water in the middle of a lake or pond where light enters
55
Rivers and Streams: Headwaters vs. Slow rivers
Headwaters= fast, cold, lots of oxygen | Slow rivers= slow, warmer and less oxygen
56
Estuaries
A mix of salt and fresh water! Where fresh water from a river meets salt water from an ocean!
57
Factors influencing where species are | 1. Abiotic factors: non living
Light Temperature Moisture Nutrients
58
Factors influencing where species are | 2. Biotic Factors: living
Competition Predation Parasitism
59
Historical Constrains on species distributions
Geography
60
Dispersal means?
where animals have gone (running out of resources)
61
Vicariance means?
IMMIGRATION due to high ways, canyons, mountains
62
Exotic
when an organism from a different geographical location doesn't belong. Ex. Pigeons- shakespeare brought them to america...damn you shakespeare
63
Invasive
When an organism takes over an old species- killing them replacing the "native" species
64
What is the definition of a Population?
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time
65
What is the definition of Life History?
Strategies for solving the problems of REPRODUCING and SURVIVING.
66
What is the definition of Demography?
Factors that determine the SIZE and STRUCTURE of populations through out time
67
Four factors that Affect Population size?
Fecundity Survivorship Immigration Emigration
68
Fecundity
Looking at how many female offspring a female has.
69
Age specific fecundity
Looking at the specific age at which females are having babies, not super young girls or super old women
70
Survivorship
seeing how well an organism lives! Proportion of offspring in a cohort that survive to a given age.
71
Survivorship Curves
Will always decrease, they are all going to dieeee!`
72
Immigration
Population coming INTO a community
73
Emigration
Population LEAVING a community
74
Community Ecology | There are 5 types of specie interactions
1. Mutualism 2. Predation 3. Parasitism 4. Competition 5. Commensalism
75
Mutualism
BOTH organisms are benefiting - bee gets nectar and flower gets pollenated
76
Predation
LOOSE / WIN - deer gets the snake and the the snake dies!
77
Parasitism
Like a Mosquito- we loose blood and then have side effects
78
Competition
Both always LOOSE
79
Commensalism
One positive, one neutral - the birds eating bugs off a cows back. The bird gets the bug and the cow doesn't give a shit

Biology Exam (1 decks)

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