Evidence for Gender and Attainment questions

Question 1

who talked about laddish subcultures?

Answer 1

Paul Willis (1972-76); Learning to Labour

Question 2

what reasons did Paul Willis (1972-76) give for the under-attainment of white, working class boys?

Answer 2

• saw school as irrelevant for manual work
• pressures of traditional masculinity from home
• leads to formation of anti-school subcultures

Question 3

Carolyn Jackson (2006)

Answer 3

“Lads and Ladettes”

Girls were increasingly engaging male-dominated anti-school subculture (e.g. drinking, smoking, disrupting lessons, etc.)

Question 4

Sue Sharpe (1976/94)

Answer 4

girls in the 1990s (as compared to 1970s) were:
- more confident, ambitious and committed to gender equality
- had higher aspirations, saw education as route to a career and financial independence
- placed career over family and love

Question 5

what contributed to the change in attitudes observed by Sue Sharpe (1976/94)?

Answer 5

the rise of feminism

Question 6

what percentage of part-time workers are women?

Answer 6

74% (UK Women’s Budget Group)

Question 7

what were Ann Oakley’s (1972) four processes of gender socialisation?

Answer 7

1. manipulation
2. canalisation
3. verbal appellations
4. different activities

Question 8

who talked about the gender stereotypes in primary school reading material?

Answer 8

Glenys Lobban (1974)

Question 9

Department for Education (2023); … girls in state schools achieved grade 4+ in English and maths; for boys, this was …

Answer 9

• 68%
• 63%

Question 10

• Educational Policy Institute Annual Report (2023); boys were, on average … months behind girls in secondary school, and … months behind in primary school

Answer 10

• 4.5
• 0.6

Question 11

Angela McRobbie

Answer 11

Bedroom Culture:
Girls are socialised to spend time in the private sphere (bedrooms), while boys are socialised in the public sphere (outdoors)

Question 12

…% of students choosing Health and Social Care were … (2022 Government data)

Answer 12

• 90%
• female

Question 13

What is the most popular science for girls at A-level? (Department for Education, 2023)

Answer 13

Biology

Question 14

What is the most popular science for boys at A-level? (Department for Education, 2023)

Answer 14

Physics

Question 15

Alison Kelly (1987)

Answer 15

Girls choose Biology over other sciences because of teachers being male; resources tend to centre around men and their interests

(Biology is less male-dominated)

Question 16

What did Gender Trust say about educational role models in STEM and PE subjects?

Answer 16

• the lack of female teachers for these subjects can put females off from them
• this is particularly prominent among teenage girls, who feel male PE teachers cannot understand their needs properly